Not So Obvious after All: Patent Law\u27s Nonobviousness Requirement, KSR, and the Fear of Hindsight Bias

Before the creation of the Federal Circuit in 1982, nonobviousness served as the primary gatekeeper for patents. When patent holders sued for infringement and lost, more than sixty percent of the time, they lost on the grounds that their patent was obvious. With the advent of the Federal Circuit, nonobviousness became a much less difficult hurdle to surmount. From 1982 until 2005, when patent holders sued for infringement and lost, obviousness was the reason in less than fifteen percent of the cases. While obviousness remained formally a requirement of patent protection, there can be little doubt that the Federal Circuit had substantially diminished the doctrine’s once central role. A potential turning point arose in 2007, however, with the Court’s decision in KSR v. Teleflex. In its decision, the Court, with one hand, rejected some of the key restrictions the Federal Circuit had placed on the obviousness doctrine, and with the other, broadened the circumstances under which obviousness could be found. Taken at face value, the Court’s decision seemed poised to reinvigorate the nonobviousness requirement. Yet, an analysis of appellate patent decisions since 2007 reveals that the Court’s decision has led to only a slightly increased role for the doctrine. By any measure, the nonobviousness requirement remains a pale shadow of its former self. This article presents this historical background and then turns to the fear of hindsight bias that seems to have motivated much of the desire to limit obviousness’s reach. As articulated by the Federal Circuit, hindsight bias represents the fear that a judge or jury will use an inventor’s own invention against her. Having been told of the inventor’s solution, the judge or jury will use the inventor’s own actions as a roadmap showing how to combine existing prior art elements to solve the problem at hand. With the benefit of hindsight, a judge or jury will too readily infer that the inventor’s solution was obvious. In a pair of articles, Professor Gregory Mandel has presented results from empirical tests that he believes demonstrate the potential for substantial hindsight bias in patent litigation. In this article, the authors modify and extend Professor Mandel’s empirical tests. Our results raise questions regarding Professor Mandel’s conclusions and tend to refute the notion that hindsight bias is a serious problem in patent litigation

Extinction of the N=20 neutron-shell closure for 32Mg examined by direct mass measurements

The 'island of inversion' around $^{32}$Mg is one of the most important paradigm for studying the disappearance of the stabilizing 'magic' of a shell closure. We present the first Penning-trap mass measurements of the exotic nuclides $^{29-31}$Na and $^{30-34}$Mg, which allow a precise determination of the empirical shell gap for $^{32}$Mg. The new value of 1.10(3) MeV is the lowest observed shell gap for any nuclide with a canonical magic number.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Physical Review

Search for supernova-produced 60Fe in a marine sediment

An 60Fe peak in a deep-sea FeMn crust has been interpreted as due to the signature left by the ejecta of a supernova explosion close to the solar system 2.8 +/- 0.4 Myr ago [Knie et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 171103 (2004)]. To confirm this interpretation with better time resolution and obtain a more direct flux estimate, we measured 60Fe concentrations along a dated marine sediment. We find no 60Fe peak at the expected level from 1.7 to 3.2 Myr ago. However, applying the same chemistry used for the sediment, we confirm the 60Fe signal in the FeMn crust. The cause of the discrepancy is discussed.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures, submitted to PR