Partidos políticos y cuestiones agrarias

Acercamiento a la organización de los partidos en México y a su rostro agrario. Enmarca a cada partido dentro de la dinámica Estado-sociedad civil: y analiza su fuerza por el número de sus integrantes: el grado de cohesión y organización real, la homogeneidad y el crecimiento en lo orgánico, político e ideológico, la capacidad de movilización, los intereses reales que representa.ITESO, A.C

A very early estimation of software development time and effort using neural networks

In spite of years of research and development, formal structured estimation of time and effort required to develop a Management Information System (MIS) is still an open problem. Usual estimation techniques applied by now are supported by the not so realistic premise of requirements stability, and often human experts are required to apply them. This paper considers models of estimation based on metrics available on early design phase. Our research work aims to develop formal estimation models for time and effort needed for MIS development. These models use development team efficiency, requirements volatility, development speed and system complexity as input parameters. We also identify which input metrics are adequate for measuring system’s cognitive complexity and found that useful metrics can be obtained automatically from the system users´ data views very early on the life cycle with independence of the technology used and without human intervention. We tested the metrics estimation capability using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and thus confirmed an existing functional relation among input and output metrics (time and effort). Once trained, the ANN predicts effort needed with a 15% average error and time needed with a 30% average error.Eje: I - Workshop de Ingeniería de Software y Base de DatosRed de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

A very early estimation of software development time and effort using neural networks

In spite of years of research and development, formal structured estimation of time and effort required to develop a Management Information System (MIS) is still an open problem. Usual estimation techniques applied by now are supported by the not so realistic premise of requirements stability, and often human experts are required to apply them. This paper considers models of estimation based on metrics available on early design phase. Our research work aims to develop formal estimation models for time and effort needed for MIS development. These models use development team efficiency, requirements volatility, development speed and system complexity as input parameters. We also identify which input metrics are adequate for measuring system’s cognitive complexity and found that useful metrics can be obtained automatically from the system users´ data views very early on the life cycle with independence of the technology used and without human intervention. We tested the metrics estimation capability using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and thus confirmed an existing functional relation among input and output metrics (time and effort). Once trained, the ANN predicts effort needed with a 15% average error and time needed with a 30% average error.Eje: I - Workshop de Ingeniería de Software y Base de DatosRed de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

A comparative study of electrochemical and optical properties of rhenium deposited on gold and platinum

Rhenium-containing films were grown on gold and platinum after different potentiostatic and potentiodynamic polarizations in the - 0.20 V to 0.70 V range (vs rhe) in aqueous acid perrhenate. Experimental data were obtained using cyclic voltammetry and ellipsometry, from which the thickness and optical indices of the electrodeposited rhenium layer were calculated. Metallic rhenium deposition on gold takes place at potentials within the hydrogen evolution reaction. Rhenium oxide on platinum is formed in the hydrogen adatom potential domain, whereas metallic rhenium is deposited concurrently with the hydrogen adsorption and evolution reactions on the same metal.Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicada

NALP1 is a transcriptional target for cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB) in myeloid leukaemia cells

NALP1 (also called DEFCAP, NAC, CARD7) has been shown to play a central role in the activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of pro-IL1β (pro-interleukin-1β). Previous studies showed that NALP1 is highly expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In the present study, we report that expression of NALP1 is absent from CD34+ haematopoietic blast cells, and its levels are upregulated upon differentiation of CD34+ cells into granulocytes and to a lesser extent into monocytes. In peripheral blood cells, the highest levels of NALP1 were observed in CD3+ (T-lymphocytes), CD15+ (granulocytes) and CD14+ (monocytes) cell populations. Notably, the expression of NALP1 was significantly increased in the bone marrow blast cell population of some patients with acute leukaemia, but not among tissue samples from thyroid and renal cancer. A search for consensus sites within the NALP1 promoter revealed a sequence for CREB (cAMP-response-element-binding protein) that was required for transcriptional activity. Moreover, treatment of TF1 myeloid leukaemia cells with protein kinase C and protein kinase A activators induced CREB phosphorylation and upregulated the mRNA and protein levels of NALP1. Conversely, ectopic expression of a dominant negative form of CREB in TF1 cells blocked the transcriptional activity of the NALP1 promoter and significantly reduced the expression of NALP1. Thus NALP1 is transcriptionally regulated by CREB in myeloid cells, a mechanism that may contribute to modulate the response of these cells to pro-inflammatory stimuli

Induction of Nod2 in Myelomonocytic and Intestinal Epithelial Cells via Nuclear Factor-kB Activation

Nod2, a member of the Apaf1/Nod protein family, confers responsiveness to bacterial products and activates NF-kB, a ranscription factor that plays a central role in innate immunity. Recently, genetic variation in Nod2 has been associated with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease. Here, we report that expression of Nod2 is induced upon differentiation of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells into granulocyte or monocyte/macrophages. In peripheral blood cells, the highest levels of Nod2 were observed in CD14+ (monocytes), CD15+ (granulocytes), and CD40+/CD86+ (dendritic cells) cell populations. Notably, stimulation of myeloblastic and epithelial cells with bacterial lipopolysaccharide or TNF resulted in up-regulation of Nod2. A search for consensus sites within the Nod2 promoter revealed a NF-kB binding element that was required for transcriptional activity in response to TNF . Moreover, ectopic expression of p65 induced transactivation, whereas that of dominant-negative I B blocked the transcriptional activity of the Nod2 promoter. Upon stimulation with TNF or lipopolysaccharide, both p50 and p65 subunits of NF-kB were bound to the Nod2 promoter. Thus, Nod2 expression is enhanced by proinflammatory cytokines and bacterial components via NF-kB, a mechanism that may contribute to the amplification of the innate immune response and susceptibility to inflammatory disease

Cyanobacteria reduction in the integrated culture of Pacific white shrimp and West India pointed venus in a biofloc system

This study aimed to evaluate the integrated culture of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and the West Indian pointed venus (Anomalocardia flexuosa) reared in a biofloc system. The performance of both species and the phytoplankton community were evaluated. Shrimp monoculture and three stocking densities of West Indian pointed venus (2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 Kg m-3) were evaluated in 0.05 m3 tanks. First of all, the addition of A. brasiliana did not affect the water quality parameters of the culture. Regarding the phytoplankton community, 13 taxa were found: 5 cyanobacteria, 4 dinoflagellates, 3 diatoms and 1 green algae. Although diatoms were dominant at the beginning of cultivation, in the middle and at the end a cyanobacterial dominance was observed (proven by ANOSIM and nMDS). The taxa that most contributed to the abundance of cyanobacteria were Aphanocapsa sp. and Pseudanabaena sp. Regarding the performance of the shrimp, all integrated treatments present the higher growth performances (final weight, yield and survival) when compared to shrimp monoculture. Moreover, gradual mortalities of A. brasiliana were observed, probably due to the high concentration of cyanobacteria. Thus, it can be observed that the integration of molluscs in shrimp culture can reduce the concentration of harmful algae and improve the zootechnical performance of the shrimp

In search for the sources of plastic marine litter that contaminates the Easter Island Ecoregion

Subtropical gyres are the oceanic regions where plastic litter accumulates over long timescales, exposing surrounding oceanic islands to plastic contamination, with potentially severe consequences on marine life. Islands’ exposure to such contaminants, littered over long distances in marine or terrestrial habitats, is due to the ocean currents that can transport plastic over long ranges. Here, this issue is addressed for the Easter Island ecoregion (EIE). High-resolution ocean circulation models are used with a Lagrangian particle-tracking tool to identify the connectivity patterns of the EIE with industrial fishing areas and coastline regions of the Pacific basin. Connectivity patterns for “virtual” particles either floating (such as buoyant macroplastics) or neutrally-buoyant (smaller microplastics) are investigated. We find that the South American shoreline between 20°S and 40°S, and the fishing zone within international waters off Peru (20°S, 80°W) are associated with the highest probability for debris to reach the EIE, with transit times under 2 years. These regions coincide with the most-densely populated coastal region of Chile and the most-intensely fished region in the South Pacific. The findings offer potential for mitigating plastic contamination reaching the EIE through better upstream waste management. Results also highlight the need for international action plans on this important issue