Tropical and Boreal Forest Atmosphere Interactions: A Review

This review presents how the boreal and the tropical forests affect the atmosphere, its chemical composition, its function, and further how that affects the climate and, in return, the ecosystems through feedback processes. Observations from key tower sites standing out due to their long-term comprehensive observations: The Amazon Tall Tower Observatory in Central Amazonia, the Zotino Tall Tower Observatory in Siberia, and the Station to Measure Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations at Hyytiala in Finland. The review is complemented by short-term observations from networks and large experiments.The review discusses atmospheric chemistry observations, aerosol formation and processing, physiochemical aerosol, and cloud condensation nuclei properties and finds surprising similarities and important differences in the two ecosystems. The aerosol concentrations and chemistry are similar, particularly concerning the main chemical components, both dominated by an organic fraction, while the boreal ecosystem has generally higher concentrations of inorganics, due to higher influence of long-range transported air pollution. The emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds are dominated by isoprene and monoterpene in the tropical and boreal regions, respectively, being the main precursors of the organic aerosol fraction.Observations and modeling studies show that climate change and deforestation affect the ecosystems such that the carbon and hydrological cycles in Amazonia are changing to carbon neutrality and affect precipitation downwind. In Africa, the tropical forests are so far maintaining their carbon sink.It is urgent to better understand the interaction between these major ecosystems, the atmosphere, and climate, which calls for more observation sites, providing long-term data on water, carbon, and other biogeochemical cycles. This is essential in finding a sustainable balance between forest preservation and reforestation versus a potential increase in food production and biofuels, which are critical in maintaining ecosystem services and global climate stability. Reducing global warming and deforestation is vital for tropical forests

Tropical and Boreal Forest Atmosphere Interactions : A Review

This review presents how the boreal and the tropical forests affect the atmosphere, its chemical composition, its function, and further how that affects the climate and, in return, the ecosystems through feedback processes. Observations from key tower sites standing out due to their long-term comprehensive observations: The Amazon Tall Tower Observatory in Central Amazonia, the Zotino Tall Tower Observatory in Siberia, and the Station to Measure Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations at Hyytiala in Finland. The review is complemented by short-term observations from networks and large experiments. The review discusses atmospheric chemistry observations, aerosol formation and processing, physiochemical aerosol, and cloud condensation nuclei properties and finds surprising similarities and important differences in the two ecosystems. The aerosol concentrations and chemistry are similar, particularly concerning the main chemical components, both dominated by an organic fraction, while the boreal ecosystem has generally higher concentrations of inorganics, due to higher influence of long-range transported air pollution. The emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds are dominated by isoprene and monoterpene in the tropical and boreal regions, respectively, being the main precursors of the organic aerosol fraction. Observations and modeling studies show that climate change and deforestation affect the ecosystems such that the carbon and hydrological cycles in Amazonia are changing to carbon neutrality and affect precipitation downwind. In Africa, the tropical forests are so far maintaining their carbon sink. It is urgent to better understand the interaction between these major ecosystems, the atmosphere, and climate, which calls for more observation sites, providing long-term data on water, carbon, and other biogeochemical cycles. This is essential in finding a sustainable balance between forest preservation and reforestation versus a potential increase in food production and biofuels, which are critical in maintaining ecosystem services and global climate stability. Reducing global warming and deforestation is vital for tropical forests.Peer reviewe

Tropical and Boreal Forest Atmosphere Interactions : A Review

This review presents how the boreal and the tropical forests affect the atmosphere, its chemical composition, its function, and further how that affects the climate and, in return, the ecosystems through feedback processes. Observations from key tower sites standing out due to their long-term comprehensive observations: The Amazon Tall Tower Observatory in Central Amazonia, the Zotino Tall Tower Observatory in Siberia, and the Station to Measure Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations at Hyytiala in Finland. The review is complemented by short-term observations from networks and large experiments. The review discusses atmospheric chemistry observations, aerosol formation and processing, physiochemical aerosol, and cloud condensation nuclei properties and finds surprising similarities and important differences in the two ecosystems. The aerosol concentrations and chemistry are similar, particularly concerning the main chemical components, both dominated by an organic fraction, while the boreal ecosystem has generally higher concentrations of inorganics, due to higher influence of long-range transported air pollution. The emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds are dominated by isoprene and monoterpene in the tropical and boreal regions, respectively, being the main precursors of the organic aerosol fraction. Observations and modeling studies show that climate change and deforestation affect the ecosystems such that the carbon and hydrological cycles in Amazonia are changing to carbon neutrality and affect precipitation downwind. In Africa, the tropical forests are so far maintaining their carbon sink. It is urgent to better understand the interaction between these major ecosystems, the atmosphere, and climate, which calls for more observation sites, providing long-term data on water, carbon, and other biogeochemical cycles. This is essential in finding a sustainable balance between forest preservation and reforestation versus a potential increase in food production and biofuels, which are critical in maintaining ecosystem services and global climate stability. Reducing global warming and deforestation is vital for tropical forests.Peer reviewe

Cervical lymph node metastasis in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the larynx: a collective international review

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) of the head and neck is a well-recognized pathologic entity that rarely occurs in the larynx. Although the 5-year locoregional control rates are high, distant metastasis has a tendency to appear more than 5 years post treatment. Because AdCC of the larynx is uncommon, it is difficult to standardize a treatment protocol. One of the controversial points is the decision whether or not to perform an elective neck dissection on these patients. Because there is contradictory information about this issue, we have critically reviewed the literature from 1912 to 2015 on all reported cases of AdCC of the larynx in order to clarify this issue. During the most recent period of our review (1991-2015) with a more exact diagnosis of the tumor histology, 142 cases were observed of AdCC of the larynx, of which 91 patients had data pertaining to lymph node status. Eleven of the 91 patients (12.1%) had nodal metastasis and, based on this low proportion of patients, routine elective neck dissection is therefore not recommended

Quantificação de células CD 34+ em sangue periférico, produto de aférese e cordão umbilical: estudo comparativo de três diferentes metodologias

A quantificação das células CD34+ em sangue periférico é utilizada para determinar o melhor momento de iniciar a aférese, enquanto que na leucoaférese e no sangue de cordão umbilical determinam a quantidade de células CD34+ para o transplante de células progenitoras. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar três diferentes metodologias de quantificação de células CD34+. Foram utilizados três diferentes tipos de amostras: a) 32 amostras de sangue periférico, coletadas de pacientes estimulados com G-CSF 50 mg/Kg/dose total, sem quimioterapia na mobilização. b) 31 amostras de produto de aférese de pacientes estimulados com o mesmo protocolo de G-CSF. c) 20 amostras de sangue de cordão coletadas em CPDA-1, por punção de veia umbilical. As amostras permaneceram à temperatura ambiente no máximo até 24h da análise. O citômetro de fluxo utilizado foi o Epics XL-MCL (Coulter) com os protocolos de dupla plataforma: ISHAGE e Mulhouse modificado para análise de maior numero de eventos, e o citômetro Imagn 2000 (Biometric Imaging) de plataforma única, conforme técnicas recomendadas. Os anticorpos monoclonais utilizados foram: CD45-FITC, CD34-PE, e isotipo IgG1-PE da Immunotech. As análises estatísticas foram: ANOVA e correlação de teste t de Student. Os resultados não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos três métodos

Avaliação da importância da coloração de Perls na rotina de mielogramas de pacientes com anemia associada a uma ou mais citopenias em sangue periférico Evaluation of the importance of Perls stain in the routine testing of myelograms of patients with anemia associated with one or more peripheral blood cytopenias

As síndromes mielodisplásicas (SMD) são um grupo heterogêneo de doenças malignas das células-tronco hematopoéticas, classificadas segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) em: anemia refratária, anemia refratária com sideroblastos em anel, citopenia refratária com displasia de multilinhagens, anemia refratária com excesso de blastos, síndrome mielodisplásica inclassificável e sindrome mielodisplásica associada com anormalidade isolada do cromossomo 5q(del). Na anemia refratária com sideroblastos em anel observam-se hiperplasia e displasia eritróide com presença de 15% ou mais de sideroblastos em anel. Utilizamos neste estudo a coloração de Perls em esfregaços de medula óssea de pacientes com idade superior a 40 anos e que apresentavam uma ou mais citopenias no sangue periférico associada a anemia. Por tratar-se de técnica de manejo fácil e ágil sugerimos seu emprego em esfregaços de aspirado de medula óssea de pacientes que apresentem os achados laboratoriais acima, pois, dentre os casos analisados 18,7% apresentavam mais que 10 grânulos sideróticos circundando a terça parte ou mais do núcleo do precursor eritróide (sideroblasto em anel), sugerindo ao hematologista um possível diagnóstico de Síndrome Mielodisplásica com Sideroblastos em Anel (SMD-ARSA). Importante relatar que a grande maioria destes casos com aumento de sideroblastos em anel não foi encaminhada ao nosso serviço, com suspeita de SMD, e em somente um caso foi solicitada a realização da coloração de Perls.Myelodisplastic syndromes are a heterogeneous group of malignant haematopoietic stem cells. They are classified by the World Health Organization as refractory anemia, refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts, refractory cytopenia with multilineage displasia, refractory anemia with excess of blast cells, unclassified myelodisplastic syndrome and myelodisplastic syndrome associated with a 5q chromosomal delection. Refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts is defined by red blood cell hyperplasia and dysplasia with 15% or more of ringed sideroblasts. We studied bone marrow aspirates using Perls' stain with blood smears from over 40-year-old patients that had one or more cytopenias in their peripheral blood associated with anemia. A total of 18.7% of patients had ringed sideroblasts leading to a possible diagnosis of refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts, one of the myelodisplastic syndromes. Most of those cases were refered to our service without clinical suspicion of myelodisplastic syndrome and in only one case Perls' stain was requested. Perls' stain is easily performed and the results are fast and so we suggest that it should be routinely used in all cases of possible myelodisplastic syndrome