A social and ecological assessment of tropical land uses at multiple scales: the Sustainable Amazon Network

Science has a critical role to play in guiding more sustainable development trajectories. Here, we present the Sustainable Amazon Network (Rede Amazonia Sustentavel, RAS): a multidisciplinary research initiative involving more than 30 partner organizations working to assess both social and ecological dimensions of land-use sustainability in eastern Brazilian Amazonia. The research approach adopted by RAS offers three advantages for addressing land-use sustainability problems: (i) the collection of synchronized and co-located ecological and socioeconomic data across broad gradients of past and present human use; (ii) a nested sampling design to aid comparison of ecological and socioeconomic conditions associated with different land uses across local, landscape and regional scales; and (iii) a strong engagement with a wide variety of actors and non-research institutions. Here, we elaborate on these key features, and identify the ways in which RAS can help in highlighting those problems in most urgent need of attention, and in guiding improvements in land-use sustainability in Amazonia and elsewhere in the tropics. We also discuss some of the practical lessons, limitations and realities faced during the development of the RAS initiative so far.Keywords: Social–ecological systems, Tropical forests, Land use, Interdisciplinary research, Sustainability, Trade-off

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Realce tardio e perfusão miocárdica em cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (comparação entre grupos) Realce tardío y perfusión miocárdica en cardiomiopatía hipertrófica (comparación entre grupos) Late enhancement and myocardial perfusion in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (comparison betw een groups)

FUNDAMENTO: A ressonância magnética é um método eficaz para estudo da cardiomiopatia hipertrófica. OBJETIVO: Avaliar, pela ressonância magnética, os parâmetros de função sistólica, perfusão e viabilidade miocárdica em pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatia hipertrófica, comparando os grupos com e sem obstrução na via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo. MÉTODO: Vinte e um pacientes com diagnóstico de cardiomiopatia hipertrófica realizaram estudos de função, viabilidade e perfusão miocárdica nas fases de estresse e de repouso pela ressonância magnética. RESULTADOS: Os segmentos ventriculares mais comprometidos pela hipertrofia foram os da região septal. O grupo obstrutivo apresentou distribuição segmentar de espessura miocárdica semelhante ao não-obstrutivo, porém com maiores médias que o primeiro grupo. A média da fração de ejeção dos pacientes do grupo obstrutivo foi maior que o grupo não-obstrutivo, enquanto as médias dos volumes sistólico e diastólico finais foram menores no grupo obstrutivo. Houve correlação positiva entre a espessura segmentar do ventrículo e a massa segmentar do realce tardio. A indução de estresse determinou aumento do número de segmentos com alteração de perfusão e essa alteração foi mais evidente no grupo obstrutivo. CONCLUSÃO: Os segmentos ventriculares com maior espessura são os septais. As regiões hipertróficas estão associadas à maior extensão de realce tardio. Houve correlação positiva entre as áreas de hipertrofia ventricular e perfusão miocárdica alterada, e esses achados foram mais evidentes no grupo obstrutivo.<br>FUNDAMENTO: La resonancia magnética es un método eficaz para estudio de la cardiomiopatía hipertrófica. OBJETIVO: Evaluar, por la resonancia magnética, los parámetros de función sistólica, perfusión y viabilidad miocárdica en pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatía hipertrófica, comparando los grupos con y sin obstrucción en la vía de salida del ventrículo izquierdo. MÉTODO: Veinte y un pacientes con diagnóstico de cardiomiopatía hipertrófica realizaron estudios de función, viabilidad y perfusión miocárdica en las fases de estrés y de reposo por la resonancia magnética. RESULTADOS: Los segmentos ventriculares más comprometidos por la hipertrofia fueron los de la región septal. El grupo obstructivo presentó distribución segmental de espesor miocárdico semejante al no obstructivo, pero con mayores promedios que el primer grupo. El promedio de la fracción de eyección de los pacientes del grupo obstructivo fue mayor que el grupo no obstructivo, mientras que los promedios de los volúmenes sistólico y diastólico finales se hallaron menores en el grupo obstructivo. Hubo correlación positiva entre el espesor de los segmentos del ventrículo y la masa segmental del realce tardío. La inducción de estrés determinó aumento del número de segmentos con alteración de perfusión, y esa alteración fue más evidente en el grupo obstructivo. CONCLUSIÓN: Los segmentos ventriculares con mayor espesor son los septales. Las regiones hipertróficas están asociadas a la mayor extensión de realce tardío. Hubo correlación positiva entre las áreas de hipertrofia ventricular y perfusión miocárdica alterada, y estos hallazgos fueron más evidentes en el grupo obstructivo.<br>BACKGROUND: The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an effective method to study hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate, using MRI, the parameters of systolic function, perfusion and myocardial viability in patients with HCM, comparing the groups with and without obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract. METHODS: Twenty-one patients with a diagnosis of HCM underwent the assessment of myocardial function, viability and perfusion under stress and at rest through MRI. RESULTS: The ventricular segments most severely impaired by hypertrophy were those of the septal region. The obstructive group presented segmental myocardial thickening distribution similar to the non-obstructive group, but with higher means than the first group. The mean ejection fraction of the patients in the obstructive group was higher than in the non-obstructive group, whereas the means of the end systolic and diastolic volumes were lower in the obstructive group. There was a positive correlation between the ventricular segmental thickening and the late enhancement segmental mass. The stress induction resulted in an increase in the number of segments with perfusion alterations and this alteration was more evident in the obstructive group. CONCLUSION: The thickest ventricular segments are the septal ones. The hypertrophic regions are associated to a greater extension of late enhancement. There was a positive correlation between the areas of ventricular hypertrophy and altered myocardial perfusion and these findings were more evident in the obstructive group

Dipyridamole Stress myocardial Perfusion by Computed Tomography in Patients with Left Bundle Branch Block

AbstractBackground:Functional tests have limited accuracy for identifying myocardial ischemia in patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB).Objective:To assess the diagnostic accuracy of dipyridamole-stress myocardial computed tomography perfusion (CTP) by 320-detector CT in patients with LBBB using invasive quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) (stenosis ≥ 70%) as reference; to investigate the advantage of adding CTP to coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) and compare the results with those of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion scintigraphy.Methods:Thirty patients with LBBB who had undergone SPECT for the investigation of coronary artery disease were referred for stress tomography. Independent examiners performed per-patient and per-coronary territory assessments. All patients gave written informed consent to participate in the study that was approved by the institution’s ethics committee.Results:The patients’ mean age was 62 ± 10 years. The mean dose of radiation for the tomography protocol was 9.3 ± 4.6 mSv. With regard to CTP, the per-patient values for sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy were 86%, 81%, 80%, 87%, and 83%, respectively (p = 0.001). The per-territory values were 63%, 86%, 65%, 84%, and 79%, respectively (p < 0.001). In both analyses, the addition of CTP to CTA achieved higher diagnostic accuracy for detecting myocardial ischemia than SPECT (p < 0.001).Conclusion:The use of the stress tomography protocol is feasible and has good diagnostic accuracy for assessing myocardial ischemia in patients with LBBB

Ressonância magnética vs cintilografia com pirofosfato marcado com tecnécio-99m para a detecção de necrose miocárdica perioperatória Magnetic resonance vs technetium-99m pyrophosphate scintigraphy in the detection of perioperative myocardial necrosis

FUNDAMENTO: O infarto do miocárdio perioperatório (IMPO) é uma complicação da cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM) com potencial impacto prognóstico. A cintilografia miocárdica (CM) com pirofosfato marcado com tecnécio-99m é utilizada no diagnóstico de IMPO, mas demonstra limitada sensibilidade para lesões subendocárdicas. A ressonância magnética cardiovascular (RMC), por sua vez, detém alta acurácia para a detecção de necrose miocárdica. OBJETIVO: Comparar a RMC e a CM para a detecção de IMPO após CRM. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 24 pacientes portadores de doença arterial coronária crônica, com a técnica de realce tardio pela RMC e com a CM, antes e depois da CRM, analisando-se o surgimento de áreas de necrose miocárdica perioperatória (IMPO). Mensuraram-se também marcadores bioquímicos de lesão miocárdica (CKMB e troponina I), antes e depois da cirurgia. RESULTADOS: Dezenove pacientes completaram o estudo. Desses, 6 (32%) apresentaram IMPO à RMC, e 4 (21%) à CM (p = NS). Dos 323 segmentos do ventrículo esquerdo avaliados, 17 (5,3%) exibiram necrose perioperatória à RMC, e 7 (2,2%) à CM (p = 0,013). Observou-se moderada concordância entre os métodos (kappa = 0,46), havendo divergência, quanto ao diagnóstico de IMPO, em 4 (21%) casos, a maioria com pequenas áreas de necrose perioperatória à RMC, não visualizadas à CM. Em todos os casos com IMPO à RMC, houve elevação significativa de CKMB e troponina I. CONCLUSÃO: Houve moderada concordância diagnóstica entre os métodos para a detecção de IMPO, mas a RMC permitiu a visualização de pequenas áreas de necrose miocárdica perioperatória, não identificadas pela CM e associadas à elevação de marcadores bioquímicos de lesão miocárdica.<br>BACKGROUND: Perioperative myocardial infarction (POMI) is a complication of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with a potential prognostic impact. Technetium-99m pyrophosphate myocardial scintigraphy (MS) is used in the diagnosis of POMI; however it shows a limited sensitivity for subendocardial lesions. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI), in turn, has a high accuracy in the detection of myocardial necrosis. OBJECTIVE: To compare CMRI and MS for the detection of POMI after CABG. METHODS: A total of 24 patients with chronic coronary artery disease were studied using the delayed contrast enhanced CMRI and MS before and after CABG by analyzing the development of areas of perioperative myocardial necrosis (POMI). Biochemical markers of myocardial injury (CKMB and troponin I) were also determined before and after surgery. RESULTS: Nineteen patients completed the study. Of these, 6 (32%) presented POMI on CMRI and 4 (21%) on MS (p = NS). Of the 323 left ventricular segments assessed, 17 (5.3%) showed perioperative necrosis on CMRI and 7 (2.2%) on MS (p = 0.013). Moderate agreement was observed between the methods (kappa = 0.46). There was disagreement regarding the diagnosis of POMI in 4 (21%) cases, most of them with small areas of perioperative necrosis on CMRI which were not visualized on MS. In all cases with POMI on CMRI, significant CKMB and troponin I elevations were observed. CONCLUSION: Moderate diagnostic agreement was observed between the methods for the detection of POMI, but CMRI enabled visualization of small areas of perioperative myocardial necrosis which were not identified on MS and were associated with elevation of biochemical markers of myocardial injury