Estações quarentenárias e aspectos legais do uso de agentes de controle biológico no Brasil

The objective of this work was to address the classical biological control of pests in Brazil, regarding procedures to import and export native biological material. A brief introduction will be given on the current legal issues on the use of biocontrol agents, as well as some considerations on the existing quarantine pests and actions already carried out in the country. The safety in the introduction of exotic organisms is important for Brazilian phytosanitary defense and for a higher adoption of classical biocontrol, making it available for integrated pest management (IPM). Legal and normative aspects establish the procedures that must to be adopted, not only to protect bioprospecting and native organisms, but also to minimize risks to the national genetic patrimony associated with the introduction of exotic organisms. Furthermore, the import/export procedures adopted for vegetal and useful organisms for pest biological control and for other genetic material must be subjected to phytosanitary measures performed in government‑certified quarantine facilities and diagnostic laboratories. Finally, the quarantine activities listed here are strategic for safeguarding the country from potential problems arising from border transit of living organisms.O objetivo deste trabalho foi abordar o controle biológico clássico de pragas no Brasil, quanto aos procedimentos para importação e exportação de material biológico nativo. Será dada uma breve introdução sobre os aspectos legais do uso dos agentes biológicos, bem como feitas algumas considerações sobre as pragas quarentenárias existentes e as ações já realizadas no País. A segurança na introdução de organismos exóticos é importante para a defesa fitossanitária brasileira e para uma maior adoção do controle biológico clássico, tornando‑o disponível para o manejo integrado de pragas (MIP). Aspectos legais e normativos estabelecem os procedimentos a serem adotados, não somente para proteger a bioprospecção e os organismos nativos, como, também, para minimizar os riscos ao patrimônio genético nacional associados à introdução de organismos exóticos. Além disso, os procedimentos para importação/exportação de organismos vegetais e úteis para o controle biológico de pragas e de outros materiais genéticos devem estar sujeitos a medidas fitossanitárias realizadas em estações quarentenárias e laboratórios de diagnósticos certificados. Por fim, as atividades de quarentena listadas aqui são estratégicas para o País, para o salvaguardarem de problemas potenciais advindos do trânsito fronteiriço de organismos vivos

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Eficiência de Metarhizium anisopliae, Metsch, sorokin no controle de cigarrinhas-das-pastagens, Hemiptera Cercopidae, em Brachiaria bryzantha em Rondônia, Brasil

The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae isolate (ESALQ 1037) of different formulations, doses, and applications numbers in the control of spittlebug nymphs on Brachiaria bryzantha pasture, in Corumbiara, Rondônia State, Brazil, from December 2008 to February 2009. The fungus was applied from 05:00 PM, under average temperature of 18 oC and relative air humidity of 69%. The volume of the solution utilized was 300 liter ha-1 with sprayer for CO2. The doses spray were of 0,5 x109 , 1 x109 , 2 x109 viable conidias ha-1. The evaluations were performed at the beginning (day 0), and 15, 32, 45, 61 e and 75 days, being one evaluation before the applications, and five after the applications of this fungus, counting the spittlebugs (nymphs) per 0.0625 m2 (0.25 m x 0.25 m square). At 0 days the infestation was of 153,6 nymphs/m2. It was verified that the levels of nymphs were reduced after the sprayings of M. anisopliae in all treatments. The most efficient treatment was Metarril SC (94,19%) at 2 x109 viable conidias ha-1, in a emulsive oil formulation, in twice applications. It was concluded that M. anisopliae (ESALQ 1037) was effective for the control of spittlebug, in the Brachiaria bryzantha pasture under field conditions and thus being promising choice for use for integrated pest management of familiar agriculture in the state of Rondônia.O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a eficiência de Metarhizium anisopliae (isolado ESALQ 1037) em diferentes formulações, dosagens de conídeos e número de aplicações no controle da cigarrinha-das-pastagens, conduzida em ensaio de campo em pastagem de capim-Marandu (Brachiaria bryzantha), no Município de Corumbiara, RO, no período de dezembro de 2007 a fevereiro de 2008. O isolado foi aplicado a partir das 17h, sob temperatura média de 18° C e umidade relativa de 69%. O volume de calda utilizado foi de 300 L/ ha-1, utilizando-se pulverizador a CO2. As doses aplicadas foram de 0,5 x109 , 1 x109 , 2 x109 conídios viáveis/ha-1, com vazão de 300 litros/ha-1. As avaliações procederam-se aos 0, 15, 32, 45, 61 e 75 dias, sendo uma antes das aplicações, e cinco após as aplicações do entomopatógeno, contando-se as cigarrinhas (ninfas) por ponto de 0,0625 m2 (quadrado de 0,25 m x 0,25 m). Aos 0 dias a infestação era de 153,6 ninfas/ m2. Foi observado que os níveis de ninfas diminuíram com a aplicação de M. anisopliae em todos os tratamentos. Pelos resultados obtidos, o tratamento mais eficiente foi o Metarril SC 2 x10 9 conídios viáveis/ha-1, na formulação de óleo emulsionável, com duas aplicações (94,19%). Conclui-se que, o M. anisopliae (ESALQ 1037) constitui-se em uma alternativa promissora para o manejo integrado das cigarrinhas- pastagens em capim-Marandu (B. brizantha) para a Agricultura Familiar em Rondônia.El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficacia de Metarhizium anisopliae, (ESALQ 1037) en diferentes formulaciones, las dosis de los conidios y el número de aplicaciones para controlar saltahojas-de-prado, ensayo de campo realizado en el pasto Marandú ( bryzantha Brachiaria) en la ciudad de Corumbiara, RO, desde diciembre 2007 hasta febrero 2008. La cepa se aplicó desde las 17 h, bajo una temperatura promedio de 18 ° C y humedad relativa de 69%. El volumen de riego utilizado fue de 300 L / ha-1, utilizando el aerosol de CO 2. El importe solicitado fue de 0,5 x109, x109 1, 2 x 109 conidias viáveis/ha-1, con un caudal de 300 litros/ha-1. Las evaluaciones se llevan a cabo a los 0, 15, 32, 45, 61 y 75 días, uno antes de la aplicación, y después de cinco aplicaciones del patógeno, contando los saltamontes (ninfas) por cada punto de 0,0625 metros cuadrados (un cuadrado 0,25 mx 0,25 m). En 0 días fue de 153,6 ninfas infestación por metro cuadrado. Se observó que los niveles de ninfas disminuyó con la aplicación de M. anisopliae en todos los tratamientos. Los resultados obtenidos en el tratamiento más efectivo fue el SC 2 Metarril viáveis/ha-1 x109 conidios en la formulación de emulsión de aceite con dos aplicaciones (94,19%). Se concluye que el señor anisopliae (ESALQ 1037) constituye una alternativa promisoria para la gestión integrada de las pasturas de gramíneas saltahojas en Marandú (B. brizantha) para la Agricultura Familiar en Rondonia

EFICIÊNCIA DE Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) SOROKIN NO CONTROLE DE CIGARRINHAS-DAS-PASTAGENS (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) EM Brachiaria bryzantha EM RONDÔNIA - BRASIL

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a eficiência de Metarhizium anisopliae (isolado ESALQ 1037) em diferentes formulações, dosagens de conídeos e número de aplicações no controle da cigarrinha-das-pastagens, conduzida em ensaio de campo em pastagem de capim-Marandu (Brachiaria bryzantha), no Município de Corumbiara, RO, no período de dezembro de 2007 a fevereiro de 2008. O isolado foi aplicado a partir das 17h, sob temperatura média de 18° C e umidade relativa de 69%. O volume de calda utilizado foi de 300 L/ ha-1, utilizando-se pulverizador a CO². As doses aplicadas foram de 0,5 x109 , 1 x109 , 2 x109 conídios viáveis/ha-1, com vazão de 300 litros/ha-1. As avaliações procederam-se aos 0, 15, 32, 45, 61 e 75 dias, sendo uma antes das aplicações, e cinco após as aplicações do entomopatógeno, contando-se as cigarrinhas (ninfas) por ponto de 0,0625 m² (quadrado de 0,25 m x 0,25 m). Aos 0 dias a infestação era de 153,6 ninfas/ m². Foi observado que os níveis de ninfas diminuíram com a aplicação de M. anisopliae em todos os tratamentos. Pelos resultados obtidos, o tratamento mais eficiente foi o Metarril SC 2 x10 9 conídios viáveis/ha-1, na formulação de óleo emulsionável, com duas aplicações (94,19%). Conclui-se que, o M. anisopliae (ESALQ 1037) constitui-se em uma alternativa promissora para o manejo integrado das cigarrinhaspastagens em capim-Marandu (B. brizantha) para a Agricultura Familiar em Rondônia

Establishment and dispersal of the fire ant decapitating fly Pseudacteon tricuspis in North Florida

The decapitating fly Pseudacteon tricuspis Borgmeier was released at eight sites in North Florida between the summer of 1997 and the fall of 1999 as a self-sustaining biocontrol agent of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren. Several releases used parasitized fire ant workers while most involved adult flies released over disturbed ant mounds. Establishment and dispersal of fly populations were monitored by disturbing about 10 fire ant mounds at each site and then inspecting them closely for hovering flies over a period of about 30 min. Overwintering populations of flies were successfully established at 6 of 8 release sites. Over several years, fly populations at these sites increased to levels as high or higher than those normally seen in their South American homeland. By the fall of 1999, flies had expanded out 1-6 km from five release sites and occupied about 125 km . By the fall of 2000 the five initial release sites plus one new site had fused into one large area about 70 km in diameter. The flies had expanded out an additional 16-29 km and occupied about 3300 km . By the fall of 2001 the flies had expanded out an additional 10-30 km and occupied approximately 8100 km . Fly dispersal was not related to wind patterns in the Gainesville area. Based on the above rates of dispersal and an establishment rate of 66%, we estimate that a state the size of Florida would require 5-10 releases spaced over a 3-year period to cover the state in 6-9 years. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 2