2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales.

Correction to: 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales. Archives of Virology (2021) 166:3567–3579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-021-05266-wIn March 2021, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by four families (Aliusviridae, Crepuscuviridae, Myriaviridae, and Natareviridae), three subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae), 42 genera, and 200 species. Thirty-nine species were renamed and/or moved and seven species were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.This work was supported in part through Laulima Government Solutions, LLC prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. J.H.K. performed this work as an employee of Tunnell Government Services (TGS), a subcontractor of Laulima Government Solutions, LLC under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. This work was also supported in part with federal funds from the National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), under Contract No. 75N91019D00024, Task Order No. 75N91019F00130 to I.C., who was supported by the Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research. This work was also funded in part by Contract No. HSHQDC-15-C-00064 awarded by DHS S&T for the management and operation of The National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, a federally funded research and development center operated by the Battelle National Biodefense Institute (V.W.); and NIH contract HHSN272201000040I/HHSN27200004/D04 and grant R24AI120942 (N.V., R.B.T.). S.S. acknowledges partial support from the Special Research Initiative of Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES), Mississippi State University, and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture, Hatch Project 1021494. Part of this work was supported by the Francis Crick Institute which receives its core funding from Cancer Research UK (FC001030), the UK Medical Research Council (FC001030), and the Wellcome Trust (FC001030).S

2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales.

In March 2021, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by four families (Aliusviridae, Crepuscuviridae, Myriaviridae, and Natareviridae), three subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae), 42 genera, and 200 species. Thirty-nine species were renamed and/or moved and seven species were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV

Ablation as targeted perturbation to rewire communication network of persistent atrial fibrillation

<div><p>Persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) can be viewed as disintegrated patterns of information transmission by action potential across the communication network consisting of nodes linked by functional connectivity. To test the hypothesis that ablation of persistent AF is associated with improvement in both local and global connectivity within the communication networks, we analyzed multi-electrode basket catheter electrograms of 22 consecutive patients (63.5 ± 9.7 years, 78% male) during persistent AF before and after the focal impulse and rotor modulation-guided ablation. Eight patients (36%) developed recurrence within 6 months after ablation. We defined communication networks of AF by nodes (cardiac tissue adjacent to each electrode) and edges (mutual information between pairs of nodes). To evaluate patient-specific parameters of communication, thresholds of mutual information were applied to preserve 10% to 30% of the strongest edges. There was no significant difference in network parameters between both atria at baseline. Ablation effectively rewired the communication network of persistent AF to improve the overall connectivity. In addition, successful ablation improved local connectivity by increasing the average clustering coefficient, and also improved global connectivity by decreasing the characteristic path length. As a result, successful ablation improved the efficiency and robustness of the communication network by increasing the small-world index. These changes were not observed in patients with AF recurrence. Furthermore, a significant increase in the small-world index after ablation was associated with synchronization of the rhythm by acute AF termination. In conclusion, successful ablation rewires communication networks during persistent AF, making it more robust, efficient, and easier to synchronize. Quantitative analysis of communication networks provides not only a mechanistic insight that AF may be sustained by spatially localized sources and global connectivity, but also patient-specific metrics that could serve as a valid endpoint for therapeutic interventions.</p></div

Patient enrollment.

<p>EGM, electrogram.</p

Communication network analysis.

<p><b><i>A</i></b>. <i>Structural network of basket catheter</i>. Edges (red line) indicate physical connectivity between the nodes (blue spheres; cardiac tissues adjacent to the electrodes). <b><i>B</i></b>. <i>Representative average all-to-all mutual information matrix (64 x 64) of 5 consecutive 10-second time windows within the left atrium before ablation</i>. The <i>x</i>- and <i>y</i>-axes indicate individual electrodes of the basket catheter. The value of mutual information between two electrodes is color-coded and expressed in <i>nats</i>, the natural unit of information. The diagonal components from the upper left to the lower right are intentionally set to zero to exclude self-edges. <b><i>C</i></b>. <i>Representative distribution of edges rank-ordered by mutual information</i>. In the absence of self-edges, there are 2,016 undirected edges between each pair of 64 electrodes (= [64 x 64–64]/2). To evaluate patient-specific parameters of communication, thresholds of mutual information are applied to set the connection density between 0.1 and 0.3, which preserves 10% to 30% of the strongest edges [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0179459#pone.0179459.ref030" target="_blank">30</a>]. Blue, right atrium; red, left atrium. <b><i>D</i></b>. <i>Binary adjacency matrix</i>. The top panel indicates a matrix with connection density 0.3 (threshold = 0.1704); the bottom panel indicates a matrix with connection density 0.1 (threshold = 0.2834). If the element (<i>i</i>, <i>j</i>) is one (white), an edge between electrode <i>i</i> and <i>j</i> is said to exist; otherwise (black), it does not exist. <b><i>E</i></b>. <i>Communication network</i>. Edges (red line) indicate functional connectivity with suprathreshold mutual information between the nodes (blue spheres; cardiac tissues adjacent to the electrodes). The top panel indicates a communication network with connection density 0.3; the bottom panel indicates a communication network with connection density 0.1.</p

Patient demographics.

<p>Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or n (%). P-value was calculated between patients with recurrence and no recurrence using Pearson's <i>χ</i>² test for categorical variables and Student’s <i>t</i>-tests for continuous variables. AF, atrial fibrillation; CHA₂DS₂-VASc, combined stroke risk score: Cardiac failure, Hypertension, Age ≥65 or 75 years, Diabetes, prior Stroke/ transient ischemic attack (TIA), VAscular disease, Sex category; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular.</p