Evaluation of Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) leaf meal as an ingredient in poultry diets : its availability and effect on the performance of chickens

A series of experiments were carried out with the aim of evaluating chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) leaf meal (CLM), a fibrous protein-rich foodstuff, in terms of both digestibility and poultry performance as a potential ingredient to be utilised in poultry diets. In the first experiment, chaya plants at either 4, 8 or 12 weeks of regrowth were harvested. With the exceptions of ether extract and oxalic acid, no differences in chemical composition of the leaves were found between the different ages of re-growth for the contents of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, lignin, ash, or hydrogen cyanide. In experiment two, true metabolisable energy (TME) content as well as TME corrected to nitrogen equilibrium (TMEN) and dry matter and nitrogen digestibilities in CLM were evaluated in commercial broilers and criollo chickens. Neither CLM inputs nor genotype of the bird significantly affected the TMEn values. The collection period of droppings and the body weight of the bird significantly (P<0.05) affected TMEN. In experiment three, the effect of different fibre sources on endogenous losses of nitrogen, uric acid and amino acids as well as on energy balance and body weight loss were evaluated in cockerels. The different fibre sources caused significant (P<0.05) differences in all the dependent variables. An important fact, demonstrated by experiments 2 and 3, was that the endogenous losses of birds showed a very high variation; however, possible explanations for those findings were put forward. In experiment four, TME, net energy and heat increment values of CLM and wheatfeed were determined using cockerels in calorimeter chambers. Lower (P<0.05) values of TME and net energy were found in CLM compared with wheatfeed, and that was attributable to the different chemical composition of the ingredients evaluated and to the different properties of their fibre. In experiment five, the effect of different amounts of dietary CLM on apparent metabolisable energy (AME) of diets and on dry matter, nitrogen and amino acid digestibilities in broilers was evaluated. There were three experimental diets (0, 150 and 250 g/kg CLM) which were fed to the broilers from 1 to 21 days of age. AME and all the dependent variables were significantly (P<0.05) affected by dietary CLM contents, in both 7- and 21-day-old birds. There were higher values for all dependent variables in birds aged 21 days than in those aged 7 days. There were no differences between the control diet and CLM 150 g/kg diet for amino acid digestibility, with the exceptions of alanine, arginine and proline. However, amino acid digestibility was lower (P<0.05) in the diet containing 250 g/kg CLM than in either control or 150 g/kg CLM diets. In experiment six, the effect of adding the enzymes B-glucanase and pectinase on amino acid digestibility of CLM was evaluated in broilers. Ileal samples were collected from birds given two doses of CLM by tube feeding. Only the pectinase treatment increased (P<0.05) lysine and total amino acid digestibility. In experiment seven, the performance of broders fed different CLM dietary amounts was evaluated. Two studies were carried out in this experiment. The performance parameters of birds decreased as CLM in diets increased to 350 and 250 g/kg in the first and second studies respectively, and this was attributable to the fibre content of CLM rather than to its oxalic acid and hydrogen cyanide contents. The length and weight of caeca were greater (P<0.05) as dietary CLM increased, but the weight of the gizzard showed the opposite tendency. It was concluded that CLM is an alternative ingredient for inclusion in diets for broilers, mainly in small-farm systems. It represents an acceptable source of amino acids but it contains low concentrations of both metabolisable and net energy as would be expected in a high-fibre foodstuff

Calidad durante el almacenamiento de huevos de gallinas alimentadas con dietas con aceite de palma

Objective. Evaluate the effect of crude palm oil (CPO) on quality traits of eggs stored various days at different temperatures. Material and Methods. A total of 240 hens, 28 weeks of age were fed diets with 30 g/kg of soybean oil (SO) or CPO. After 12 weeks, sample of eggs were stored during 0, 4, 8 and 12 days at 4, 12 and 24 °C. Egg quality traits were evaluated. Results. Egg and albumen from hens in CPO diet were heavier than those in SO (p&lt;0.05). High storage temperature reduced egg, albumen and yolk weights, Haugh units (HU), albumen and yolk heights, pH and color (p&lt;0.05), but increased albumen and yolk widths and albumen length (p&lt;0.05). As storage time increased, egg weight, albumen weight and height, and yolk height, pH and colour were reduced (p&lt;0.05). However, yolk weight and width, albumen width and length increased (p&lt;0.05). Oil x storage time interaction (p&lt;0.05) indicated that albumen height, HU and yellowness of yolk from hens in CPO diets were better at 12 days of storage than for hens fed SO. Conclusions. Hens in CPO diet had heavier eggs and albumen than those in SO diet. Egg quality traits decreased as temperature and days of storage increased, but, eggs from hens supplemented CPO had better quality in some traits at 12 days of storage.Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto del aceite crudo de palma (ACP) sobre la calidad del huevo almacenado por varios días a diferentes temperaturas. Materiales y métodos. Un total de 240 gallinas de 28 semanas se alimentaron con dietas con 30g/kg de aceite de soya (AS) o ACP. Después de 12 semanas, muestras de huevos se almacenaron durante 0, 4, 8 y 12 días a 4, 12 y 24°C. Las características de calidad del huevo fueron evaluadas. Resultados. El huevo y la albúmina de gallinas en la dieta con ACP fueron más pesados que aquellos en la dieta con AS (p&lt;0.05). La alta temperatura de almacenamiento redujo el peso del huevo, albúmina y yema, unidades Haugh (UH), altura de la albúmina y la yema, pH y color (p&lt;0.05), pero aumentó el ancho de la albúmina y la yema, y la longitud de la albúmina (p&lt;0.05). A medida que aumentaba el tiempo de almacenamiento, el peso del huevo, el peso y la altura de la albúmina, y la altura de la yema, el pH y el color se redujeron (p&lt;0.05). Sin embargo, el peso y el ancho de la yema, el ancho y la longitud de la albúmina aumentaron (p&lt;0.05).&nbsp;Conclusiones. Las gallinas en la dieta con ACP tuvieron huevos y albuminas más pesadas que las de las de la adieta con AS.&nbsp;&nbsp

Leucaena leucocephala in ruminant nutrition

It is a common situation in extensive ruminant production systems in tropical countries to have low production indicators due to nutrient deficiencies in the diet. An economic alternative to increase animal production is the incorporation of legumes (fodder and fruits) in the diet. This review, presents an analysis of the positive and negative effects of Leucaena leucocephala consumption by ruminants, with particular emphasis on the secondary compound mimosine. Leucaena due to its high nutrient content, rumen by-pass protein supply and its possible effect on the reduction of greenhouse gas (attributed to tannins) has become one of the legumes most commonly used in ruminant feeding practices. However, in countries where leucaena has been introduced, its use is still limited to levels below 30% inclusion in the diet, due to the secondary compound mimosine and its isomers (3,4 and 2,3 DHP), which can induce toxicity, even when animals are inoculated with rumen fluid containing the bacteria Synergistes jonesii reported as responsible for degrading these compounds in the rumen. In the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, ruminants consuming leucaena can tolerate more than 50% inclusion in the diet, without having a negative impact on production, attributed intake to mimosine and its isomers. We conclude that in animals not adapted, the intake would be limited to low inclusion levels (less than 30% inclusion in the diet), mainly because of mimosine and its derivatives. The decrease in intake or diet digestibility seem to better explain the reduction in methane production, however, in vivo studies are required to clearly establish the mechanism of action. It has been reported the presence of different bacteria to S. jonessi that would have the ability to degrade mimosine and its derivatives, however, the activity of these bacteria and its effectiveness must be confirmed in vivo

Aportes a la planificación energética en Salta : Información de base, marco legal y desafíos al corto plazo

En los últimos años, la provincia de Salta ha orientado diversos esfuerzos para mejorar el marco legal vigente e iniciar procesos de planificación y gestión sobre energías renovables. El presente trabajo pretende compartir un conjunto de aportes a estos procesos, resultantes de la realización de dos actividades participativas de reflexión y consulta: un workshop interinstitucional y una encuesta on-line a la población. La reunión de trabajo entre las instituciones permitió detectar disponibilidad y vacíos en la información de base necesaria para la planificación energética, y consensuar una estrategia de actuación en este sentido. Los resultados de la encuesta indican un bajo conocimiento general de las nuevas leyes y el plan estratégico, y plantean puntos clave que deberían abordarse para lograr una mayor promoción de las energías renovables en Salta.In recent years, the province of Salta has directed many efforts to improve the regulations and initiate planning and management of renewable energy (RE). This paper aims to share a set of contributions to those processes resulting from the implementation of two participatory activities of reflection and consultation: an inter-institutional workshop and an online survey. The meeting between the institutions allowed to detect availability and gaps in the baseline information needed for energy planning, and agree on a strategy for action in this regard. The results of the survey indicate a generally low awareness of the new regulations and the strategic plan, and present key points that should be addressed for greater promotion of renewable energies in Salta.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

Enfoque das gestações múltiplas de diagnóstico difícil durante a autopsia perinatal

Introducción: durante el examen de pediatría, genética, ecográfico o de anatomía patológica de fetos de gestaciones gemelares, suelen aparecer interrogantes en el diagnóstico diferencial, especialmente cuando los casos se asocian con maceración, malformaciones o duplicación de estructuras. Objetivo: proponer un algoritmo para el enfoque de la autopsia perinatal en gestaciones múltiples de difícil diagnóstico. Materiales y Métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo del universo de gestaciones gemelares vistas en el Departamento de Patología del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio (HUSI) entre 2007 y 2013. De nimos como “gestación múltiple de difícil diagnóstico” aquella en la que el examen del (de los) feto(s) planteó uno de los diagnósticos diferenciales: feto macerado/evanescente, gemelo siamés, fetus in fetu, feto acárdico o teratoma congénito. Se realizó el estudio anatomopatológico y junto con la literatura revisada, los gemelos se analizaron y clasificaron según el algoritmo propuesto. Resultados: hubo 59 casos de gestaciones gemelares en las que al menos uno de los fetos requirió autopsia perinatal. Las principales causas de muerte fueron las infecciones ascendentes seguidas del síndrome de transfusión feto-fetal. Como gestaciones múltiples de difícil diagnóstico observamos tres fetos acárdicos y ocho fetos macerados. Se aplicó el algoritmo propuesto en este artículo. Conclusiones: el diagnóstico en las gestaciones gemelares puede ser en ocasiones difícil. Identificamos los aspectos más importantes a tener en cuenta de la historia clínica y de la autopsia perinatal para llegar al diagnóstico definitivo. Desarrollamos un algoritmo para ser aplicado en estas circunstancias durante las autopsias perinatales.Introduction: During pediatric, genetic, sonographic, or pathological anatomy examination on complicated twin gestational fetuses, questions arise concerning differential diagnosis, especially when cases are associated with malformations, maceration of several months duration, or complex structural duplications. Objective: To propose an algorithm for approaching perinatal autopsy in complicated multiple gestations. Materials and Methods: Descriptive observational study on twin gestations seen in the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio (HUSI) in 2007-2013. We de ned “complicated twin gestation” as one in which an examination of the fetus or fetuses raised one of the following differential diagnoses: macerated fetus, conjoined fetuses, fetus in fetu, acardiac fetus, or congenital teratoma. An anatomopathological study was performed and twins were classified according to the proposed algorithm. Results: Analysis of 59 cases in which at least one fetus required a perinatal autopsy. The leading causes of death were ascending infections and fetal-twin transfusion syndrome. Among complicated multiple gestations, we observed eight fetuses including three acardiac macerated fetuses. We applied the algorithm proposed in this article. Conclusion: Diagnosis in twin pregnancies can sometimes be difficult. We identify the most important aspects of medical records and perinatal autopsy to be considered in reaching a definitive diagnosis; we develop an algorithm to be applied in these circumstances. Introdução: durante o exame de pediatria, genética, ecográ co ou de anatomia patológica de fetos de gestações gemelares, costumam aparecer interrogantes no diagnóstico diferencial, especialmente quando os casos se associam com maceração, com malformações ou com duplicação de estruturas. Objetivo: propor um algoritmo para o enfoque da autopsia perinatal em gestações múltiplas de difícil diagnóstico. Materiais e Métodos: estudo observacional descritivo do universo de gestações gemelares vistas no Departamento de Patologia do Hospital Universitário San Ignacio (husi) entre 2007 e 2013. De nimos como “gestação múltipla de difícil diagnóstico” aquela na que o exame do(s) feto(s) apresentou um dos diagnósticos diferenciais: feto macerado/evanescente, gêmeo siamês, fetus in fetu, feto acárdico ou teratoma congênito. Realizou-se o estudo anatomopatológico e junto com a literatura revisada, os gêmeos se analisaram e classificaram segundo o algoritmo proposto. Resultados: houve 59 casos de gestações gemelares nas que pelo menos um dos fetos requereu autopsia perinatal. As principais causas de morte foram as infeções ascendentes seguidas da síndrome de transfusão feto-fetal. Como gestações múltiplas de difícil diagnóstico observamos três fetos acárdicos e oito fetos macerados. Aplicouse o algoritmo proposto neste artigo. Conclusões: o diagnóstico nas gestações gemelares pode ser em ocasiões difícil. Identificamos os aspectos mais importantes a ter em conta da história clínica e da autopsia perinatal para chegar ao diagnóstico definitivo; desenvolvemos um algoritmo para ser aplicado nestas circunstâncias durante as autopsias perinatais

¡Sonamos! : músicas y adolescencias en las escuelas

La educación contemporánea asiste a un agotamiento de ciertas formas y esquemas tradicionales y la educación musical no queda exenta de ello. Lejos de constituirse como un agregado superfluo a las vidas de quienes concurren a la escuela, la música se presenta como fuerte interpeladora de sus identidades. Identidades que están emergiendo desde un complejo entramado de tensiones con diversos actores sociales, institucionales y políticos. Si, al pensar en esta fragilidad de los esquemas tradicionales para enfrentar las realidades actuales centramos la atención en el Nivel Medio, encontraremos que, además, la adolescencia, tal como se la entendía hace tiempo, no existe. Aparecen “adolescencias” nuevas, constantemente reconfiguradas por el vértigo que plantea el imperio de lo inmediato, que se corren del lugar tipificado de lo contestatario para asumir una posición más participativa, más constructiva. ¿Qué pueden hacer las escuelas para aproximarse a un replanteo de aquellos esquemas tradicionales desde una perspectiva crítica que observe la complejidad de casos y escape a la aplicación de recetas estandarizadas? ¿Qué podemos aportar desde la clase de Música a esta empresa? ¿Hay aspectos de la clase de música “tradicional” que resulten aún funcionales a estos nuevos desafíos? ¿Qué propósitos, perspectivas y abordajes nos urge replantear? ¿Siguen siendo posibles esas viejas clases de Música “sin música ”, sin componente sonoro? ¿Qué lugar ocupan en la clase de Música de nuestros días la notación musical, la historia de la música y el canto colectivo como contenidos fundantes de la disciplina? ¿Propician las tecnologías nuevas maneras de encontrarnos con las músicas y los músicos en la clase? ¿Cómo configurar el escenario sonoro de nuestras clases? ¿Seguirá circulando el repertorio por caminos conocidos o se “embarrará” con los territorios musicales de los jóvenes? Son estas, algunas de las preguntas que han motivado el contenido de este libro

Innovación turística y desarrollo regional

Libro que se compila 14 capítulos asociados a las temáticas de innovación y desarrollo tecnológico en el sector turístico, emprendimiento y tecnologías emergentes, políticas estratégicas y tácticas para mejorar la competitividad en las empresas, políticas públicas y educación para el desarrollo regional y responsabilidad social ambientalBook that compiles 14 chapters associated to the themes of innovation and technological development in the tourism sector, entrepreneurship and emerging technologies, strategic and tactical policies to improve competitiveness in companies, public policies and education for regional development and environmental social responsibilityInnovación social como estrategia para el desarrollo de las poblaciones palafíticas de la ciénaga grande de santa marta mediante la oferta de productos turísticos / Gregoria Polo de Lobatón; José Luis Rosenstiehl Martínez; Daulis Lobatón Polo -- Uso de las tic para mejorar la competitividad turística en San Basilio de Palenque / Jesús Llerena Cabrera; Raúl José Martelo Gómez; David Franco Borré -- Plataforma web niu (nuevo, ideas y usados) / Néstor José Ocampo Ardila -- Posicionamiento estratégico del turismo urbano de eventos como atributo de la personalidad del espacio territorial de la ciudad de santa marta / Zuleidy María Ruíz Torres -- Identificación competitiva de la oferta exportadora de la región ariari para fortalecer el desarrollo social y económico en zonas de posconflicto basado en el comercio exterior y logística / Keyla Karina González Martínez -- Tecnologías integradas en gestión sostenible de operadores turísticos en zonas de posconflicto del departamento del meta / Carlos Hernán Cruz Castro; óscar Eduardo Sarmiento Saavedra -- Herramienta online de control de ingresos y facturación: una solución dinámica para las pequeñas y medianas empresas / Esmerlis Camargo Torres; Antonio José González Liñán; Marieth Orcasitas Peñaloza; Yerson Monroy Contreras -- Modelo de cadena productiva dinamizado a través de la educación y las estrategias TIC para el desarrollo regional sostenible en Risaralda / Beatriz Elena Franco Cárdenas; Patricia Henao Montoya; Marco Aurelio Aristizabal Valencia -- Evaluación físico - química de adhesivo de yuca (manihot esculenta) como alternativa comercial para la Orinoquia / Yarithza Molina Caro; Wilfran Hernán Cortes Conde -- Formulaciones nutracéuticas alimenticias para estilos de vida saludables / Daldo Araujo Vidal; Daniel Mendoza Cujia; Maresa Anaya de oro -- Competencias tecnológicas como estrategia formativa en los aprendices de gestión de redes de datos del SENA regional guajira / Carlos Antonio Salas Solano; Alejandro Jesús Osorio Amaya; Alda Pérez Campuzano; Duvan Andrés rondón bravo -- Uso y apropiación del computador como herramienta para las prácticas educativas de los docentes / Alda Pérez Campuzano; Carlos Antonio Salas Solano; Elkin Fuentes Jiménez; Kira Rodríguez Moscote -- El aviturismo como eje transformador de cultura ambiental y desarrollo sustentable / Lina María Gamarra Pineda; Néstor Alejandro Tascón Arias -- Huella ecológica (he), indicador de condición ambiental para evaluar la sostenibilidad en instituciones de educación (ie) / Cristian David Trujillo CardonaPrimera ediciónna169 página

A search for ultra-high-energy photons at the Pierre Auger Observatory exploiting air-shower universality

The Pierre Auger Observatory is the most sensitive detector to primary photons with energies above ∼0.2 EeV. It measures extensive air showers using a hybrid technique that combines a fluorescence detector (FD) with a ground array of particle detectors (SD). The signatures of a photon-induced air shower are a larger atmospheric depth at the shower maximum (X$_{max}$) and a steeper lateral distribution function, along with a lower number of muons with respect to the bulk of hadron-induced background. Using observables measured by the FD and SD, three photon searches in different energy bands are performed. In particular, between threshold energies of 1-10 EeV, a new analysis technique has been developed by combining the FD-based measurement of X$_{max}$ with the SD signal through a parameter related to its muon content, derived from the universality of the air showers. This technique has led to a better photon/hadron separation and, consequently, to a higher search sensitivity, resulting in a tighter upper limit than before. The outcome of this new analysis is presented here, along with previous results in the energy ranges below 1 EeV and above 10 EeV. From the data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory in about 15 years of operation, the most stringent constraints on the fraction of photons in the cosmic flux are set over almost three decades in energy

Study on multi-ELVES in the Pierre Auger Observatory

Since 2013, the four sites of the Fluorescence Detector (FD) of the Pierre Auger Observatory record ELVES with a dedicated trigger. These UV light emissions are correlated to distant lightning strikes. The length of recorded traces has been increased from 100 μs (2013), to 300 μs (2014-16), to 900 μs (2017-present), to progressively extend the observation of the light emission towards the vertical of the causative lightning and beyond. A large fraction of the observed events shows double ELVES within the time window, and, in some cases, even more complex structures are observed. The nature of the multi-ELVES is not completely understood but may be related to the different types of lightning in which they are originated. For example, it is known that Narrow Bipolar Events can produce double ELVES, and Energetic In-cloud Pulses, occurring between the main negative and upper positive charge layer of clouds, can induce double and even quadruple ELVES in the ionosphere. This report shows the seasonal and daily dependence of the time gap, amplitude ratio, and correlation between the pulse widths of the peaks in a sample of 1000+ multi-ELVES events recorded during the period 2014-20. The events have been compared with data from other satellite and ground-based sensing devices to study the correlation of their properties with lightning observables such as altitude and polarity