Breves notas del contrato de hospedaje. Comparación entre la regulación española e italiana

Con la presente comunicación se pretende un acercamiento a la regulación del singular contrato de hospedaje. Partiendo de una primera aproximación a este contrato a nivel de concepto, se trataría de dividir la comunicación en dos partes bien diferenciadas. De un lado, una primera parte, en la que se analiza la importante función económica del contrato de hospedaje, así como su impacto en la economía de una región. En esta primera parte entrarían los orígenes de la figura así como los sujetos que intervienen o que podrían intervenir en él. De otro lado, en la segunda parte de la comunicación, desde un punto de vista más jurídico, se entra a analizar cómo se lleva a cabo la perfección del contrato de hospedaje distinguiendo entre las obligaciones de las partes que intervengan en el contrato. Toda la aproximación al contrato de hospedaje se analiza de manera comparativa entre el Ordenamiento Jurídico español y el Ordenamiento Jurídico italiano.In this communication we are going to analyze the regulation of the Spanish and Italian law related to the accommodation contract. First of all we will study the term of the contract (origins of lodging and economic role for the economy of a region). Secondly, the obligations of the parties of this contract

Confined swirling jets with large expansion ratios

This paper presents the extension of our previous investigation of confined round jets with large Reynolds numbers and large expansion ratios (Revuelta, Sanchez & Linan 2002a) to the case of swirling jets with swirl numbers of order unity. In the absence of vortex breakdown, we encounter the four-region asymptotic structure identified earlier for the non-swirling jet, including a region of jet development where the azimuthal and axial velocity components are comparable. For the flow in the long recirculating eddy that forms downstream, where the pressure differences associated with the azimuthal motion become negligible, the jet is found to act as a point source with momentum flux equal to the flow force of the incoming jet, and angular momentum flux equal to that of the jet at the orifice. The solution for the weak circulation in this slender region, including the parameter-free leading-order description and the first-order corrections, is determined by integrating the azimuthal component of the momentum equation written in the boundary-layer approximation. The results are validated through comparisons with numerical integrations of the steady axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations, which are also used to evaluate critical conditions for vortex breakdow

Aprendizaje de programación de robots en el sector educativo

El objetivo de la presente memoria es la creación de una herramienta que permita a los alumnos de ciclos de grado medio o superior de las ramas de automatización y electrónica, profundizar en el conocimiento de los principios básicos de funcionamiento de los Robots industriales, así como iniciarse en el manejo de una herramienta de programación profesional que les permita incrementar sus posibilidades de integración en el mundo profesional una vez finalizados sus estudios. Por tanto, ésta memoria se construye con el objetivo de ser un complemento a la formación académica recibida durante su formación, pero también con la posibilidad de ser integrada dentro de la programación reglada de los diferentes ciclos descritos en ésta memoria. La memoria está diseñada cómo si fuera una unidad didáctica con sus objetivos didácticos, contenidos, resultados de aprendizaje, metodología utilizada y su temporalización. Dentro de los contenidos el autor ha decidido incluir aquellos conceptos teóricos que, bajo su experiencia profesional, considera claves para la formación del estudiante, explicados siempre de una forma sencilla y lo más visual posible, apoyándonos siempre en el software profesional en cuestión, de modo que cada concepto siempre tenga una aplicación inmediata. Ésta memoria se completa con seis actividades realizadas en modalidad de “video learning”, dónde el estudiante repasará los conocimientos teóricos adquiridos y a su vez se iniciará en el manejo de una herramienta profesional de programación utilizada en el mundo de la Robótica Industrial.The main goal of this report is the creation of a tool that allows students of middle o higher degree cycles of the branches of automation and electronics increase their knowledge of the basics principles of operation of industrial robots. In addition, to start in the management of a professional programming tool that allows them to increase their possibilities of integration into the professional world. Therefore, this report is built with the aim of being a complement to the academic formation received during their training stage, but also with the possibility to be integrated into the regulated programming of the different cycles described in this report. The memory is designed like a didactic unit including objectives, contents, learning results, methodology used and scheduling. Within the contents, the author has decided to include the main theoretical concepts that under his professional experience he considers keys to the student’s training developed always in a simple and visual way. This report is completed with six activities carried out in a “video learning” mode, by which the students will be able to review the main concepts included in this report as well as take their first steps managing a professional programming tool used in the world of Industrial Robots.Departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas y AutomáticaMáster en Profesor de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria y Bachillerato, Formación Profesional y Enseñanzas de Idioma

Laminar mixing in diluted and undiluted fuel jets upstream from lifted flames

The boundary-layer approximation is used to describe the frozen mixing process taking place when a fuel jet of radius a discharges into stagnant air. The results are applicable to the calculation of lifted flames stabilized in round laminar jets with relatively large Reynolds numbers, Re, for which the proposed formulation provides a detailed description for the velocity and composition fields encountered by the propagating triple flame formed at the base of the lifted flame. The problem is integrated for relevant values of the flow parameters, including values of the stoichiometric air-to-fuel mass ratio S of order unity, when the lifted flame is located in the region of jet development, corresponding to distances from the injector of order Re a. Further attention is given to the relevant case S ≫ 1, corresponding to typical conditions of undilute hydrocarbon-air flames, for which the resulting lifted flames are stabilized at relatively large distances from the injector, of order S Re a. It is seen that Schlichting asymptotic solution, which corresponds to a point source of momentum, is then applicable to describe the mixing process upstream from the lifted flame. Improved accuracy is sought by introducing expansions for the velocity components and for the reactant mass fractions in powers of S-1. The resulting development shows in particular that the first-order correction to the leading-order solution is equivalent to the introduction of a virtual origin for the axial coordinate. It is shown that the magnitude of the required translation, which is equal for the velocity and composition fields, must be determined from continuity considerations. As an illustrative example, the resulting description is used to calculate flame fronts with S ≫ 1 in the thermal-diffusive approximation

Confined axisymmetric laminar jets with large expansion ratios

This paper investigates the steady round laminar jet discharging into a coaxial duct when the jet Reynolds number, Re/sub j/, is large and the ratio of the jet radius to the duct radius, epsiv, is small. The analysis considers the distinguished double limit in which the Reynolds number Re/sub a/=Re/sub j/epsiv for the final downstream flow is of order unity, when four different regions can be identified in the flow field. Near the entrance, the outer confinement exerts a negligible influence on the incoming jet, which develops as a slender unconfined jet with constant momentum flux. The jet entrains outer fluid, inducing a slow backflow motion of the surrounding fluid near the backstep. Further downstream, the jet grows to fill the duct, exchanging momentum with the surrounding recirculating flow in a slender region where the Reynolds number is still of the order of Re/sub j/. The streamsurface bounding the toroidal vortex eventually intersects the outer wall, in a non-slender transition zone to the final downstream region of parallel streamlines. In the region of jet development, and also in the main region of recirculating flow, the boundary-layer approximation can be used to describe the flow, while the full Navier-Stokes equations are needed to describe the outer region surrounding the jet and the final transition region, with Re/sub a/=Re/sub j/epsiv entering as the relevant parameter to characterize the resulting non-slender flows

Genomic Edition of Ashbya gossypii Using One-vector CRISPR/Cas9

The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a novel genetic tool which allows the precise manipulation of virtually any genomic sequence. In this protocol, we use a specific CRISPR/Cas9 system for the manipulation of Ashbya gossypii. The filamentous fungus A. gossypii is currently used for the industrial production of riboflavin (vitamina B2). In addition, A. gossypii produces other high-value compounds such as folic acid, nucleosides and biolipids. A large molecular toolbox is available for the genomic manipulation of this fungus including gene targeting methods, rapid assembly of heterologous expression modules and, recently, a one-vector CRISPR/Cas9 editing system adapted for A. gossypii that allows marker-free engineering strategies to be implemented. The CRISPR/Cas9 system comprises an RNA guided DNA endonuclease (Cas9) and a guide RNA (gRNA), which is complementary to the genomic target region. The Cas9 nuclease requires a 5′-NGG-3′ trinucleotide, called protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), to generate a double-strand break (DSB) in the genomic target, which can be repaired with a synthetic mutagenic donor DNA (dDNA) by homologous recombination (HR), thus introducing a specific designed mutation. The CRISPR/Cas9 system adapted for A. gossypii largely facilitates the genomic edition of this industrial fungus

Reflexiones sobre la protección del consumidor de servicios turísticos frente a la publicidad engañosa de sociedades mercantiles turísticas

En la presente Comunicación, sus autores pretenden exponer la situación en la que los potenciales clientes de las empresas turísticas pueden sufrir engaños como consecuencia de la publicidad engañosa. En tales supuestos, el mercado se suele caracterizar por el uso de una determinada publicidad que pretende incidir en la voluntad del consumidor, de manera que la actividad publicitaria se muestra como realmente relevante y decisiva para la formación de la voluntad de los referidos consumidores en orden a la celebración del contrato. Estos casos en los que la publicidad engañosa ha resultado relevante para que el turista–consumidor otorgue su consentimiento merecen una especial reflexión, labor que los autores intentan acometer en este estudio