Seasonality and interannual variability of copepods in the Western English Channel, Celtic Sea, Bay of Biscay, and Cantabrian Sea with a special emphasis to Calanus helgolandicus and Acartia clausi

A total of five mesozooplankton time series data sets were assembled to compare the seasonal and interannual patterns of abundance of calanoid copepods in the Western English Channel (Station L4), Celtic Sea, Bay of Biscay (Continuous Plankton Recorder), and the Cantabrian Sea (RADIALES time series, Santander, St-4 and St-6) from January 1992 to December 1999. A strong seasonal component in taxonomic composition was detected at the locations considered. There was also a strong latitudinal effect on diversity at each location, southernmost locations being more diverse. The seasonal dynamics and year-to-year variability of two copepod species: Calanus helgolandicus and Acartia clausi were studied in detail. A latitudinal pattern in the seasonal cycles of both copepod species was observed. The peaks of both occur earlier in spring in the warmer southern region and move northwards, consistent with the temperature regimes at each location, supporting the broad concept that species occupy a thermal niche in time as well as in space. There was a strong degree of interannual variability between sites and between species. No clear trends, but some coherent events among data sets, reveal a regional response to environmental forcing factors. Correlations suggest possible connections with environmental indices like the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Gulf Stream North Wall index. There was a positive correlation between the NAO and the abundance of C. helgolandicus at station L4 off Plymouth; however, the relationship in the Celtic Sea and Bay of Biscay was opposite to that expected based on previous results. Despite the differences in the sampling techniques used within each dataset, the results are comparable and coherent in terms of taxonomic composition and the seasonal and interannual patterns detected

Estudio aeromagnético del complejo volcánico de Colima, occidente de México - implicaciones tectónicas y estructurales

"Se reporta la interpretación cualitativa y cuantitativa de anomalías aeromagnéticas del complejo volcánico de Colima (CVC) y sus alrededores. La zona se caracteriza por anomalías magnéticas de distintas amplitudes y longitudes de onda asociadas con estructuras volcánicas y cuerpos intrusivos, incluyendo al CVC. Se identifican 24 dominios aeromagnéticos definidos por patrones característicos de anomalías en un área de aproximadamente 11,500 km2 alrededor del CVC. El Volcán de Colima y el Nevado de Colima se caracterizan por anomalías dipolares de gran amplitud. Se investiga la estructura profunda del complejo volcánico utilizando un modelo magnético dimensional 2¾ - D, encontrando que la fuente asociada a las anomalías de los volcanes se relaciona con una posible cámara magmática de forma alargada, con una longitud mayor a los 6.8 km en dirección N-S y espesor máximo de 5.6 km. En el Volcán de Colima, ésta se localiza a una profundidad de 4.8 km. Este cuerpo se extiende por una distancia del orden de 5.6 km hacia el sur del CVC con un espesor promedio del orden de 0.54 km. Bajo el volcán Nevado de Colima se interpreta una posible cámara magmática colapsada de forma alargada con una longitud en dirección N-S mayor a 5.6 km y con espesor máximo de 1.2 km con una profundidad del orden de los 5.2 km bajo el cráter del Nevado. Se documentan, por primera vez, nuevas estructuras geológicas asociadas a anomalías magnéticas sepultadas por productos volcánicos, comofallas y cuerpos intrusivos. En la mayor parte del mapa magnético reducido al polo, se observan anomalías monopolares de grandes dimensiones, amplitudes altas y longitudes de onda largas, asociadas a rocas intrusivas. A 47 km al NW de los volcanes Colima y Nevado de Colima se puede apreciar un cinturón formado por tres de estas anomalías. En la zona también existe una serie de anomalías magnéticas relacionadas con la presencia de yacimientos de mineral de hierro, como la mina El Encino ubicada a 48 km al SE y el área mineralizada de la Sierra de Manantlán a 42 km al ESE del volcán de Colima.""Results of qualitative and quantitative interpretation of aeromagnetic anomalies over the Colima volcanic complex (CVC) and surrounding areas are presented. The area is characterized by magnetic anomalies of distinct amplitude and wavelength associated with volcanic structures and intrusive bodies, including the CVC. We identified 24 aeromagnetic domains in an area of 11,500 km2 around the CVC. We identify, for the first time, new geological structures buried under volcanic products, like faults and intrusive bodies. High amplitude magnetic dipolar anomalies characterize the volcanic structures of Colima and Nevado de Colima volcanoes. CVC deep structure was investigated by using a 2¾ D magnetic model, finding that the source is related to a possible magmatic chamber of elongated shape, >6.8 km long, in north-south strike with maximum thickness of 5.6 km, which is located at 4.8 m depth beneath the Colima volcano. The body extends to 5.6 km south of the Colima volcano, with average thickness of about 0.54 km. Under Nevado de Colima volcano, we interpreted a collapsed magmatic chamber, with elongated shape, >5.6 km long and 1.2 km of maximum thickness at a depth of around 5.2 km below the Nevado summit. In most of the reduced to the pole magnetic anomaly map, we observed large monopolar anomalies, high amplitude, and long wavelengths associated to the intrusive bodies. Three of these anomalies form a 47 km long belt to the NW of the CVC. There are several magnetic anomalies related to iron-ore deposits, i.e., El Encino mine (48 km SE of CVC) and Sierra de Manantlán (42 km ESE of CVC).

Types and Distribution of Bioactive Polyunsaturated Aldehydes in a Gradient from Mesotrophic to OligotrophicWaters in the Alborán Sea (Western Mediterranean)

Polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) are bioactive molecules suggested as chemical defenses and infochemicals. In marine coastal habitats, diatoms reach high PUA production levels during bloom episodes. Two fractions of PUA can usually be analyzed: pPUA obtained via artificial breakage of collected phytoplankton cells and dissolved PUA already released to the environment (dPUA). In nature, resource supply arises as a main environmental controlling factor of PUA production. In this work, we monitored the vertical distribution and daily variation of pPUA associated with large-size phytoplankton and dPUA, at three sites located in the Alboran Sea from mesotrophic to oligotrophic waters. The results corroborate the presence of large-size PUA producers in oligotrophic and mesotrophic waters with a significant (58%-85%) diatom biomass. In addition to diatoms, significant correlations between pPUA production and dinoflagellate and silicoflagellate abundance were observed. 2E,4E/Z-Heptadienal was the most abundant aldehyde at the three sites with higher values (17.1 fg center dot cell(-1)) at the most oligotrophic site. 2E,4E/Z-Decadienal was the least abundant aldehyde, decreasing toward the oligotrophic site. For the first time, we describe the daily fluctuation of pPUA attributable to cellular physiological state and not exclusively to taxonomical composition. Our results demonstrate the persistence of threshold levels of dPUA deep in the water column, as well as the different chromatographic profiles of dPUA compared with pPUA. We propose different isomerization processes that alter the chemical structure of the released PUAs with unknown effects on their stability, biological function, and potential bioactivity

Food in the lunchboxes of infant students of four public schools of Lima

Sr. Editor, Recientemente se aprobó el Manual de Advertencias Publicitarias (MAP), poniendo fin a un largo camino de idas y venidas para la implementación de la Ley N°30021, Ley de Promoción de la Alimentación Saludable para Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes, aunque se establece que después de 12 meses de aprobado el MAP este entrará en vigencia; es decir, en junio de 20191. Esto deja un tiempo corto para que las instituciones que norman y ejecutan las políticas de salud en nuestro país se preparen para los efectos de la implementación de la mencionada ley. Consideramos que no se ha profundizado en el debate con la población sobre otros aspectos de la ley que son muy importantes; así, es necesario abordar la promoción de la alimentación saludable y de la educación nutricional en las instituciones educativas de forma conjunta entre el Ministerio de Salud y Ministerio de Educación2. La educación nutricional en la etapa preescolar y escolar es fundamental para prevenir el incremento del sobrepeso y obesidad en la población infantil, ya que para el año 2014 la prevalencia de obesidad en niños menores de 5 años se encontraba en 9,3% y en escolares llegaba a 14,8%3.Mr. Editor, Recently, the Manual of Advertising Warnings (MAP) was approved, putting an end to a long road of comings and goings for the implementation of Law N ° 30021, Law of Promotion of Healthy Eating for Children, Girls and Adolescents, although it is established that after 12 months of approval of the MAP, it will come into force; that is, in June 20191. This leaves a short time for the institutions that regulate and implement health policies in our country to prepare for the effects of the implementation of the aforementioned law. We believe that the debate with the population on other aspects of the law that are very important has not been deepened; thus, it is necessary to address the promotion of healthy eating and nutritional education in educational institutions jointly between the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education2. Nutrition education in preschool and school is essential to prevent the increase in overweight and obesity in children, since in 2014 the prevalence of obesity in children under 5 years was 9.3% and schoolchildren it reached 14.8%

Diagnóstico del posgrado en México. Región Centro Occidente

El estudio tiene como propósito analizar la estructura institucional de la oferta del Posgrado en la Región Centro Occidente, con la finalidad de identificar fortalezas y debilidades y con ello proponer políticas públicas para el impulso de la calidad de los estudios de posgrado en México. Con base en la información nacional se elaboraron seis diagnósticos regionales y un diagnóstico nacional del posgrado. En este volumen se presentan los resultados de la Región Centro Occidente que incluye los estados Jalisco, Colima, Guanajuato, Nayarit, Michoacán y Aguascalientes. Se analizan las características de las Instituciones de Educación Superior que impactan en los posgrados que imparten, tales como origen de financiamiento, grado de desarrollo de su normativa, así como las formas de evaluación, entre otras. Se revisan las características académicas, administrativas y financieras de los programas de posgrado como niveles, orientación, modalidades, formación de competencias. Se da cuenta de las características de los actores del posgrado: estudiantes, coordinadores, egresados. Se presentan las relaciones de los posgrados con el entorno y se ofrece una sistematización y análisis cualitativo respecto a lo que los coordinadores identifican como problemas y perspectivas a futuro y estrategias de fortalecimiento del posgrado.Consejo Mexicano de Estudios de PosgradoConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologí

Fecal Microbiota of Toxigenic Clostridioides difficile-Associated Diarrhea

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is currently one of the most important causes of infectious diarrhea in developed countries and the main cause in healthcare settings. Here, we characterized the gut microbiota from the feces of 57 patients with diarrhea from nosocomial and community-acquired CDI. We performed an ecological analysis by high-throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA amplicons and evaluated the association of the various ecological profiles with CDI risk factors. Among all samples Bacteroidaceae 31.01%, Enterobacteriaceae 9.82%, Lachnospiraceae 9.33%, Tannerellaceae 6,16%, and Ruminococcaceae 5.64%, were the most abundant families. A reduced abundance of Bacteroides was associated with a poor CDI prognosis, with severe diarrhea and a high incidence of recurrence. This reduction was associated with a weakened host immune system and previous aggressive antibiotherapy. Peptostreptococcaceae family was 1.56% overall and within the family the only identified member was the genus Clostridioides, positively correlated with the presence of Akkermansia that may be predictive of the presence of a CDI. Finally, a relevant aspect that must be considered in clinical practice is the misdiagnosis of CDI, as patients with a stool sample that tests positive for C. difficile are usually diagnosed with CDI and subsequently treated as such. However, co-infection with other pathogenic agents often plays an important role in the development of diarrhea, and must be considered when prescribing antibiotic treatment

"Navajita Cecilia" Bouteloua gracilis h.b.k (lag.). nueva variedad de pasto para zonas áridas y semiáridas

Blue grama, Bouteloua gracilis H.B.K. (Lag.), can be found practically everywhere in the Chihuahuense desert, comprising nearly all the south-central States of the USA, Arizona, Texas and New Mexico(1), the north-central states of Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí and Zacatecas)(2,3) and even the States of Guanajuato, Hidalgo and Querétaro in the centralEl pasto navajita, Bouteloua gracilis H.B.K (Lag.) está distribuido prácticamente en todo el desierto Chihuahuense, que comprende desde los estados sureÅ„,,os de los Estados Unidos de América, Arizona, Texas y Nuevo México(1), los estados del norte centro del paí­s (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Durango, Zacatecas y San Luis Potosí­)(2,3) y hasta la región central de México, delimitada por los estados de Hidalgo, Querétaro y Guanajuato(2,4)

Zooplancton

La influencia de factores climáticos y oceanográficos sobre el zooplancton de la región norte y noroeste de la Península Ibérica fue analizada mediante cinco series temporales de observaciones de abundancia, composición específica y biomasa. Las series incluyeron la región oceánica próxima, representada por el área estándar F4 del Continuous Plankton Recorder entre 1960 y 2006, así como series costeras de Galicia (Vigo y A Coruña) y el mar Cantábrico (Cudillero, Gijón, Santander), muestreadas desde la década de 1990. En el océano se detectó un incremento interanual en biomasa y número de especies de copépodos entre 1960 y 1986, mientras que en la costa se detectaron incrementos en la abundancia y biomasa de algunas especies en Vigo y disminuciones de otras en A Coruña y Santander en los últimos años. Ninguna de las series del Cantábrico mostró tendencias ni ciclos en los valores interanuales de biomasa durante el periodo de observación. El plancton gelatinoso (medusas y tunicados) no mostró un patrón común a escalas locales, con incrementos en las medusas en Vigo y en los tunicados en A Coruña. La influencia climática y oceanográfica sobre este tipo de zooplancton parece resultar de modificar la proporción entre copépodos y plancton gelatinoso a partir de un efecto más directo del clima y las condiciones oceanográficas sobre los primeros. En Galicia el número y diversidad de especies de copépodos y su biomasa se incrementaron con la temperatura mientras que en el mar Cantábrico sólo se incrementaron en abundancia y ocupación espacial las especies de aguas cálidas (como Temora stylifera) mientras que las especies oportunistas típicas de afloramiento (como Acartia clausi) disminuyeron. La modulación local de los efectos del clima y del afloramiento sobre el zooplancton de la región sugiere la existencia de interacciones no lineales a largo plazo que favorecerían el mantenimiento e incluso el incremento de biomasa y diversidad de zooplancton a pesar de la tendencia a la disminución en el afloramiento observada en las últimas décadas.The influence of climatic and oceanographic factors on zooplankton in the northern and northwestern region of the Iberian Peninsula was analysed using five time-series of abundance, species composition and biomass. The series included the nearby ocean region, represented by the standard area F4 of the Continuous Plankton Recorder between 1960 and 2006, as well as coastal series from Galicia (Vigo and A Coruña) and the Mar Cantábrico (Cudillero, Gijón and Santander) sampled from the 1990s. An increase in biomass and species number of copepod species was detected in the oceanic region between 1960 and 1986. In the coast, however, the abundance and biomass of some species also increased in Vigo but decreased for other species in A Coruña and Santander in recent years. No long term trends or cycles were detected in any of the Mar Cantábrico biomass series. Gelatinous plankton (medusae and tunicates) did not show any common trend at local scales, having increased medusae in Vigo and tunicates in A Coruña. Climate and oceanographic factors appear to influence the ratio between copepods and gelatinous zooplankton through a larger effect of the environment on copepods. Temperature increased the number and diversity of copepod species in Galicia whereas in the Mar Cantábrico only warm tolerant species (as Temora stylifera) increased in abundance and spatial distribution while opportunistic species typical of upwelling waters (as Acartia clausi) decreased. Local modulation of climate and upwelling effects on zooplankton suggest non-lineal interactions favouring the sustaining and even increase of zooplankton biomass and diversity despite the decadal decrease of upwelling in this region

Five Patients with Disorders of Calcium Metabolism Presented with GCM2 Gene Variants

The GCM2 gene encodes a transcription factor predominantly expressed in parathyroid cells that is known to be critical for development, proliferation and maintenance of the parathyroid cells. A cohort of 127 Spanish patients with a disorder of calcium metabolism were screened for mutations by Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). A targeted panel for disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism was designed to include 65 genes associated with these disorders. We observed two variants of uncertain significance (p.(Ser487Phe) and p.Asn315Asp), one likely pathogenic (p.Val382Met) and one benign variant (p.Ala393_Gln395dup) in the GCM2 gene in the heterozygous state in five families (two index cases had hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism, respectively, and three index cases had primary hyperparathyroidism). Our study shows the utility of NGS in unravelling the genetic origin of some disorders of the calcium and phosphorus metabolism, and confirms the GCM2 gene as an important element for the maintenance of calcium homeostasis. Importantly, a novel variant in the GCM2 gene (p.(Ser487Phe)) has been found in a patient with hypocalcemia.This study was supported by three grants from the Department of Health (2017111014, 2018111097 and 2019111052) and one grant from the Department of Education (IT1281-19) of the Basque Government. This work is generated within the Endocrine European Reference Network (Project ID number of Endo-ERN: 739527). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscrip