21 research outputs found

    Burnout among surgeons before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an international survey

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    Background: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had many significant impacts within the surgical realm, and surgeons have been obligated to reconsider almost every aspect of daily clinical practice. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study reported in compliance with the CHERRIES guidelines and conducted through an online platform from June 14th to July 15th, 2020. The primary outcome was the burden of burnout during the pandemic indicated by the validated Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure. Results: Nine hundred fifty-four surgeons completed the survey. The median length of practice was 10 years; 78.2% included were male with a median age of 37 years old, 39.5% were consultants, 68.9% were general surgeons, and 55.7% were affiliated with an academic institution. Overall, there was a significant increase in the mean burnout score during the pandemic; longer years of practice and older age were significantly associated with less burnout. There were significant reductions in the median number of outpatient visits, operated cases, on-call hours, emergency visits, and research work, so, 48.2% of respondents felt that the training resources were insufficient. The majority (81.3%) of respondents reported that their hospitals were included in the management of COVID-19, 66.5% felt their roles had been minimized; 41% were asked to assist in non-surgical medical practices, and 37.6% of respondents were included in COVID-19 management. Conclusions: There was a significant burnout among trainees. Almost all aspects of clinical and research activities were affected with a significant reduction in the volume of research, outpatient clinic visits, surgical procedures, on-call hours, and emergency cases hindering the training. Trial registration: The study was registered on clicaltrials.gov "NCT04433286" on 16/06/2020

    Urbanistica e Topografia Urbana nelle Province Romane di Epiro e Macedonia : il caso degli edifici teatrali : teatri e CittĂ  in Epiro e Grecia Settentrionale

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    The theatre has been for both Greek and Romans an essential element of a city and, at the same time, of being a citizen.As many researches are demonstrating these days, studying the theatres and their architectural and morphological features, as well as analysing their position and functions, can provide important data and clues about how communities saw themselves, which cultural network they were part of or shared characteristics with, to which extent they influenced or were influenced by other cultures.Therefore, given their ideological role, theatrical buildings seemed a valid hermeneutical instrument to understand the architectural culture of this territory as well as the political and social evolution of the communities which inhabited it. Thus, it seemed appropriate to adopt this approach to a region whose urbanistic and political evolution is still under constant debate, such as Epirus and Southern Illyria.The main aim of the research has been a re-interpretation of the data already published about the theatres chosen as a Corpus in the light of the most recent studies on the territory but also of important research themes that animate the scientific debate of the last decades. It is indeed possible to read those data in a new perspective taking into account historical, cultural, architectural and urbanistic contexts both from a diachronic and a geographic point of view. This approach has, in the end, made possible to review, clarify, update and interpret the available data about each theatre and to frame it into a wider, Mediterranean, context.In order to achieve this aim a complex database has been conceived that could include all the data mentioned above given some homogenous and common criteria. It is worth noticing, however, that the database has not been conceived only to manage a huge amount of data but also, to actually serve as a normative instrument for a better understandable and more homogeneous systematisation both of the data themselves and their relations with sources and modern studies.The review of the published information about theatrical buildings in Epirus and Southern Illyria, in the light of the above-mentioned systematisation, has consequently proved itself useful in order to propose a new perspective on the settlement dynamics, the monumentalisation and the cultural development of those regions.Eventually, it has been possible to conclude that the city and the theatre can’t be separated, either in Epirus or in Southern Illyria, from the development of a Hellenistic realm that, at least at the beginning, has marked significantly the image of the territory. The constitution itself of the Aeacid monarchy, almost “contractual” regarding the different koina that kept a significant amount of administrative autonomy throughout the entire Hellenism, must have envisaged a regular presence of the king in each of the most important cities of the region. The monumentalisation, that we could call “processional”, of a great number of urban centres, such as Byllis, Kassope or Phoinike, can be legitimately linked to the rise of Pyrrhus and the establishment of the so-called Great Epirus. Its therefore possible to identify, in this historical moment, the construction of a political conscience that we could define as entirely Mediterranean and that is largely expressed in the cultural, urban and architectural features we can observe in both Epirus and Southern Illyria.Even if the establishment of the polis as an administrative model has met some resistence in the region, the heritage of the pyrrhic era can be recognised in that cultural and political conscience expressed through the proper and traditional Hellenistic patterns which form a peculiar language that will eventually been adopted by Rome while imposing its power into the Mediterranean context.Le thĂ©Ăątre a Ă©tĂ© autant pour les Grecs que pour les Romains un Ă©lĂ©ment fondamental de l’idĂ©e mĂȘme de la ville et avec elle de l’ĂȘtre citoyen.Comme de nombreux chercheurs le dĂ©montrent aujourd’hui, Ă©tudier les thĂ©Ăątres apporte de nombreux Ă©lĂ©ments de rĂ©flexion et de nombreux indices quant Ă  la façon dont les communautĂ©s se percevaient elles, les rĂ©seaux culturels auxquels elles appartiennent ou avec lesquelles elles partagent des caractĂ©ristiques, dans quelle mesure elles ont influencĂ© ou Ă©tĂ©s influencĂ©s par d’autres cultures.Compte tenu de leur rĂŽle idĂ©ologique, les thĂ©Ăątres semblent reprĂ©senter un instrument hermĂ©neutique valide pour comprendre la culture architecturale d’un territoire tout comme sa politique ou l’évolution sociale des communautĂ©s qui y vivent. Ainsi il semble appropriĂ© d’avoir recours Ă  cette approche dans le cadre de l’étude d’une rĂ©gion dont l’évolution politique et urbanistique prĂȘte encore Ă  dĂ©bat comme le territoire qui corresponde Ă  l’Illyrie mĂ©ridionale et Ă  l’Épire.L’objet principal de l’oeuvre Ă©tait de relire les donnĂ©es publiĂ©es relatives aux thĂ©Ăątres examinĂ©s en vue d’une Ă©tude du territoire dans son ensemble, tant du point de vue historique que culturel ou encore architectural-urbanistique, mais aussi dans une perspective diachronique et Ă©galement gĂ©ographique et prenant en compte, en derniĂšre instance, les Ă©tudes les plus rĂ©centes tant sur le territoire que sur des aspects plus gĂ©nĂ©raux liĂ©s Ă  l'histoire, les institutions, le culte, l'architecture, les bĂątiments de thĂ©Ăątre en gĂ©nĂ©ral, l'urbanisme et la topographie. Cette approche a en fait contribuĂ© Ă  la formulation de mises Ă  jour, de clarifications, d'Ă©valuations et d'interprĂ©tations Ă  la fois au sein de chaque bĂątiment et dans la vue d'ensemble plus gĂ©nĂ©rale du territoire et de son encadrement dans un contexte mĂ©diterranĂ©en.Une base de donnĂ©es a donc Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ© pour accueillir les informations essentielles de chaque bĂątiment selon des critĂšres homogĂšnes et communs.Par ailleurs, il convient de noter que cette base de donnĂ©es a Ă©tĂ© conçue, avant tout comme un moyen de gestion de grandes quantitĂ©s de donnĂ©es mais, encore pluscomme un outil normatif pour la systĂ©matisation de celles-ci en relation aux bĂątiments de type thĂ©Ăątral.La rĂ©vision des donnĂ©es publiĂ©es relatives aux bĂątiments thĂ©Ăątraux de l'Illyrie mĂ©ridionale et de l'Épire, leur systĂ©matisation selon un modĂšle commun et la relecture ou la clarification de certains Ă©lĂ©ments critiques, a permis de faire Ă©merger quelques considĂ©rations gĂ©nĂ©rales et propositions de lecture des dynamiques de peuplement, de monumentalisation et de dĂ©veloppement culturel qui ont caractĂ©risĂ© le territoire.Il a finalement Ă©tĂ© conclu que la ville et le thĂ©Ăątre ne peuvent pas ĂȘtre sĂ©parĂ©s, dans la rĂ©gion illyrienne-Ă©pirote, de la formation d’une monarchie hellĂ©nistique qui, du moins au dĂ©but, rĂ©ussit Ă  donner une impression significative Ă  l’image de la rĂ©gion elle-mĂȘme. La constitution mĂȘme de la monarchie Aeacide, presque « contractuelle », en rapport aux diffĂ©rentes koina qui conservaient une large autonomie administrative, devait prĂ©voir une prĂ©sence rĂ©guliĂšre du souverain dans les centres-villes les plus importantes. La monumentalisation presque « processionnelle » de nombreux centres urbains, tels que Byllis, Kassope ou PhoenicĂš peut, Ă  juste titre, ĂȘtre mise en relation directe avec la naissance et la formation du Grand Épire de Pyrrhus. Il est donc possible d'identifier, Ă  ce moment historique, la formation d'une conscience politique pleinement mĂ©diterranĂ©enne qui est largement exprimĂ©e dans les Ă©vĂ©nements culturels, urbains et architecturaux.Bien que le modĂšle de gestion territoriale basĂ© sur la polis ait du mal Ă  s'affirmer dans la rĂ©gion l'hĂ©ritage de l'Ăąge pyrrhique peut ĂȘtre retracĂ© dans une conscience culturelle et politique exprimĂ©e par les mĂ©thodes traditionnelles et appropriĂ©es de l'hellĂ©nisme, une langue qui sera Ă©galement adoptĂ©e par Rome dans son imposition sur la scĂšne mĂ©diterranĂ©enne

    Urbanism and urban topography in the Roman Provinces of Epirus and Macedonia : the theatres : theatres and cities in Epirus and Northern Greece

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    Le thĂ©Ăątre a Ă©tĂ© autant pour les Grecs que pour les Romains un Ă©lĂ©ment fondamental de l’idĂ©e mĂȘme de la ville et avec elle de l’ĂȘtre citoyen.Comme de nombreux chercheurs le dĂ©montrent aujourd’hui, Ă©tudier les thĂ©Ăątres apporte de nombreux Ă©lĂ©ments de rĂ©flexion et de nombreux indices quant Ă  la façon dont les communautĂ©s se percevaient elles, les rĂ©seaux culturels auxquels elles appartiennent ou avec lesquelles elles partagent des caractĂ©ristiques, dans quelle mesure elles ont influencĂ© ou Ă©tĂ©s influencĂ©s par d’autres cultures.Compte tenu de leur rĂŽle idĂ©ologique, les thĂ©Ăątres semblent reprĂ©senter un instrument hermĂ©neutique valide pour comprendre la culture architecturale d’un territoire tout comme sa politique ou l’évolution sociale des communautĂ©s qui y vivent. Ainsi il semble appropriĂ© d’avoir recours Ă  cette approche dans le cadre de l’étude d’une rĂ©gion dont l’évolution politique et urbanistique prĂȘte encore Ă  dĂ©bat comme le territoire qui corresponde Ă  l’Illyrie mĂ©ridionale et Ă  l’Épire.L’objet principal de l’oeuvre Ă©tait de relire les donnĂ©es publiĂ©es relatives aux thĂ©Ăątres examinĂ©s en vue d’une Ă©tude du territoire dans son ensemble, tant du point de vue historique que culturel ou encore architectural-urbanistique, mais aussi dans une perspective diachronique et Ă©galement gĂ©ographique et prenant en compte, en derniĂšre instance, les Ă©tudes les plus rĂ©centes tant sur le territoire que sur des aspects plus gĂ©nĂ©raux liĂ©s Ă  l'histoire, les institutions, le culte, l'architecture, les bĂątiments de thĂ©Ăątre en gĂ©nĂ©ral, l'urbanisme et la topographie. Cette approche a en fait contribuĂ© Ă  la formulation de mises Ă  jour, de clarifications, d'Ă©valuations et d'interprĂ©tations Ă  la fois au sein de chaque bĂątiment et dans la vue d'ensemble plus gĂ©nĂ©rale du territoire et de son encadrement dans un contexte mĂ©diterranĂ©en.Une base de donnĂ©es a donc Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ© pour accueillir les informations essentielles de chaque bĂątiment selon des critĂšres homogĂšnes et communs.Par ailleurs, il convient de noter que cette base de donnĂ©es a Ă©tĂ© conçue, avant tout comme un moyen de gestion de grandes quantitĂ©s de donnĂ©es mais, encore pluscomme un outil normatif pour la systĂ©matisation de celles-ci en relation aux bĂątiments de type thĂ©Ăątral.La rĂ©vision des donnĂ©es publiĂ©es relatives aux bĂątiments thĂ©Ăątraux de l'Illyrie mĂ©ridionale et de l'Épire, leur systĂ©matisation selon un modĂšle commun et la relecture ou la clarification de certains Ă©lĂ©ments critiques, a permis de faire Ă©merger quelques considĂ©rations gĂ©nĂ©rales et propositions de lecture des dynamiques de peuplement, de monumentalisation et de dĂ©veloppement culturel qui ont caractĂ©risĂ© le territoire.Il a finalement Ă©tĂ© conclu que la ville et le thĂ©Ăątre ne peuvent pas ĂȘtre sĂ©parĂ©s, dans la rĂ©gion illyrienne-Ă©pirote, de la formation d’une monarchie hellĂ©nistique qui, du moins au dĂ©but, rĂ©ussit Ă  donner une impression significative Ă  l’image de la rĂ©gion elle-mĂȘme. La constitution mĂȘme de la monarchie Aeacide, presque « contractuelle », en rapport aux diffĂ©rentes koina qui conservaient une large autonomie administrative, devait prĂ©voir une prĂ©sence rĂ©guliĂšre du souverain dans les centres-villes les plus importantes. La monumentalisation presque « processionnelle » de nombreux centres urbains, tels que Byllis, Kassope ou PhoenicĂš peut, Ă  juste titre, ĂȘtre mise en relation directe avec la naissance et la formation du Grand Épire de Pyrrhus. Il est donc possible d'identifier, Ă  ce moment historique, la formation d'une conscience politique pleinement mĂ©diterranĂ©enne qui est largement exprimĂ©e dans les Ă©vĂ©nements culturels, urbains et architecturaux.Bien que le modĂšle de gestion territoriale basĂ© sur la polis ait du mal Ă  s'affirmer dans la rĂ©gion l'hĂ©ritage de l'Ăąge pyrrhique peut ĂȘtre retracĂ© dans une conscience culturelle et politique exprimĂ©e par les mĂ©thodes traditionnelles et appropriĂ©es de l'hellĂ©nisme, une langue qui sera Ă©galement adoptĂ©e par Rome dans son imposition sur la scĂšne mĂ©diterranĂ©enne.The theatre has been for both Greek and Romans an essential element of a city and, at the same time, of being a citizen.As many researches are demonstrating these days, studying the theatres and their architectural and morphological features, as well as analysing their position and functions, can provide important data and clues about how communities saw themselves, which cultural network they were part of or shared characteristics with, to which extent they influenced or were influenced by other cultures.Therefore, given their ideological role, theatrical buildings seemed a valid hermeneutical instrument to understand the architectural culture of this territory as well as the political and social evolution of the communities which inhabited it. Thus, it seemed appropriate to adopt this approach to a region whose urbanistic and political evolution is still under constant debate, such as Epirus and Southern Illyria.The main aim of the research has been a re-interpretation of the data already published about the theatres chosen as a Corpus in the light of the most recent studies on the territory but also of important research themes that animate the scientific debate of the last decades. It is indeed possible to read those data in a new perspective taking into account historical, cultural, architectural and urbanistic contexts both from a diachronic and a geographic point of view. This approach has, in the end, made possible to review, clarify, update and interpret the available data about each theatre and to frame it into a wider, Mediterranean, context.In order to achieve this aim a complex database has been conceived that could include all the data mentioned above given some homogenous and common criteria. It is worth noticing, however, that the database has not been conceived only to manage a huge amount of data but also, to actually serve as a normative instrument for a better understandable and more homogeneous systematisation both of the data themselves and their relations with sources and modern studies.The review of the published information about theatrical buildings in Epirus and Southern Illyria, in the light of the above-mentioned systematisation, has consequently proved itself useful in order to propose a new perspective on the settlement dynamics, the monumentalisation and the cultural development of those regions.Eventually, it has been possible to conclude that the city and the theatre can’t be separated, either in Epirus or in Southern Illyria, from the development of a Hellenistic realm that, at least at the beginning, has marked significantly the image of the territory. The constitution itself of the Aeacid monarchy, almost “contractual” regarding the different koina that kept a significant amount of administrative autonomy throughout the entire Hellenism, must have envisaged a regular presence of the king in each of the most important cities of the region. The monumentalisation, that we could call “processional”, of a great number of urban centres, such as Byllis, Kassope or Phoinike, can be legitimately linked to the rise of Pyrrhus and the establishment of the so-called Great Epirus. Its therefore possible to identify, in this historical moment, the construction of a political conscience that we could define as entirely Mediterranean and that is largely expressed in the cultural, urban and architectural features we can observe in both Epirus and Southern Illyria.Even if the establishment of the polis as an administrative model has met some resistence in the region, the heritage of the pyrrhic era can be recognised in that cultural and political conscience expressed through the proper and traditional Hellenistic patterns which form a peculiar language that will eventually been adopted by Rome while imposing its power into the Mediterranean context
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