High loads of training affect cognitive functions in soccer players

Introduction: In the performance sports, high training loads are necessary for biological adaptations to occur leading to the improvement of fitness and sports performance. Objective: To investigate the behavior of the psychological and physiological variables, indicators of possible states of stress and recovery in soccer players throughout the sports season, and the possibility of using these as markers of the conditions of athletes trainability to prevent decreased performance and overtraining. Methods: The study included 14 soccer players (18.4±0.6 years, 9.64±1.61% with fat and VO2máx 49.46 ± 2.88 ml/kg/min) of a junior class of a team of the first division of Brazil. The perception of stress and recovery, the heart rate variability (HRV) at rest, analyzed in the time and frequency domain, and simple reaction time were monitored through the questionnaire RESTQ-Sport. We carried out three collections of data, a control (C), another after four weeks of intense training (T1), and finally after four weeks of light training (T2) performed after T1. Results: No significant difference was found in any of the scales of RESTQ-Sport and HRV at the three collections. The simple reaction time showed a significant increase (p=0.047) in T1 compared to C. Conclusion: The results indicate that the reaction time was the only variable sensitive to changes in the training study and could be considered a good indicator of trainability of athletes.Introdução: No esporte de rendimento, altas cargas de treinamento são necessárias para que ocorram adaptações biológicas que levem ao aprimoramento da forma física e do desempenho esportivo. Objetivo: Investigar o comportamento de variáveis psicológicas e fisiológicas, possíveis indicadores dos estados de estresse e recuperação, em jogadores de futebol ao longo da temporada esportiva, e a possibilidade da utilização desses como marcadores dos estados de treinabilidade dos atletas para prevenir quedas do desempenho e o overtraining. Métodos: Participaram deste estudo 14 jogadores de futebol (18,4 ± 0,6 anos, 9,64 ± 1,61 % com gordura e VO2máx 49,46 ± 2,88 ml/kg/min) da categoria júnior de uma equipe de primeira divisão do Brasil. Foram monitorados a percepção de estresse e a recuperação por meio do questionário RESTQ-Sport, a variabilidade de frequência cardíaca (VFC) de repouso, analisada no domínio do tempo e da frequência, e o tempo de reação simples. Efetuaram-se três coletas de dados, um controle (C), outra após quatro semanas de treinamentos intensos (T1), e finalmente depois de quatro semanas de treinamentos leves (T2) realizados após T1. Resultados: Não foi encontrada diferença significativa em nenhuma das escalas do RESTQ-Sport e na VFC nos três momentos de coletas. O tempo de reação simples apresentou um aumento significativo (p = 0,047) em T1 em relação a C. Conclusão: Os resultados indicam que o tempo de reação foi a única variável sensível às alterações do treinamento estudado, podendo ser considerado um bom indicador da treinabilidade dos atletas

COMPARAÇÃO DE DIFERENTES MÉTODOS DE AVALIAÇÃO DA ÁREA DE OLHO DE LOMBO E COBERTURA DE GORDURA EM BOVINOS DE CORTE

O presente trabalho avaliou características de carcaça de bovinos de corte, de diferentes grupos genéticos, comparando métodos de avaliação de área de olho de lombo e de gordura de cobertura, além da estimativa das correlações de Pearson entre medidas efetuadas na carcaça e por ultra-sonografia para área de olho de lombo. Foram utilizados 48 bovinos machos dos grupos genéticos Nelore (N), Brangus (BR), ½ Canchim ½ Nelore (CN) e ½ Limousin½ Nelore (LN), criados em regime de pasto com suplementação, sendo que metade dos animais de cada grupo foi castrada aos doze meses de idade aproximada-mente. Na semana que antecedeu o abate foram realizadas medições da área de olho de lombo por ultra-sonografia (AOLU) e, após o abate, foram avaliados o acabamento (ACAB), a área de olho de lombo medida na carcaça (AOLC)e a espessura de gordura medida à altura da 13ª vértebra torácica (EG13). Os resultados mostraram efeito de grupo genético para AOLU, AOLC, ACAB e EG13. O grupo genético LN apresentou maiores médias para AOLU e AOLC que os demais (P<0,05). Foi observada uma correlação de 0,80entre as medidas de AOLU e AOLC. A castração mostrou efeito significativo para ACAB e EG13 (P<0,01). PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Ultra-sonografia, carcaça, área de olho de lombo, gordura de cobertura, bovinos de corte

Efeitos do cabelo da cabe?a humana no desempenho e na resposta termorregulat?ria durante a corrida de 10 km ao ar livre em homens saud?veis.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of human head hair on performance and thermoregulatory responses during 10-km outdoor running in healthy men. Twelve healthy males (29.5 ? 3.7 years, 174.9 ? 4.3 cm, 72.7 ? 3.2 kg and VO2max 44.6 ? 3.4 ml.kg-1.min-1) participated in two self-paced outdoor 10-km running trials separated by 7 days: 1) HAIR, subjects ran with their natural head hair; 2) NOHAIR, subjects ran after their hair had been totally shaved. Average running velocity was calculated from each 2-km running time. Rectal temperature, heart rate and physiological strain index were measured before and after the 10-km runs and at the end of each 2 km. The rate of heat storage was measured every 2 km. The environmental stress (WBGT) was measured every 10 min. The running velocity (10.9 ? 1 and 10.9 ? 1.1 km.h-1), heart rate (183 ? 10 and 180 ? 12 bpm), rectal temperature (38.82 ? 0.29 and 38.81 ? 0.49oC), physiological strain index (9 ? 1 and 9 ? 1), or heat storage rate (71.9 ? 64.1 and 80.7 ? 56.7 W.m-1) did not differ between the HAIR and NOHAIR conditions, respectively (p>0.05). There was no difference in WBGT between the HAIR and NOHAIR conditions (24.0 ? 1.4 and 23.2 ? 1.5?C, respectively; p=0.10). The results suggest that shaved head hair does not alter running velocity or thermoregulatory responses during 10-km running under the sun.O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do cabelo da cabe?a humana no desempenho e na resposta termorregulat?ria durante 10 km de corrida ao ar livre em homens saud?veis. Doze saud?vel do sexo masculino (29,5 ? 3,7 anos, 174,9 ? 4,3 cm, 72,7 ? 3,2 kg e VO2m?x 44,6 ? 3,4 ml.kg-1.min-1) participaram de 2 corridas de 10km separadas por 7 dias de intervalo em ritmo auto regulado: 1) HAIR- volunt?rios correram com seus cabelos intactos, 2) NOHAIR- volunt?rios correrram ap?s terem seus cabelos totalmente raspado. A velocidade m?dia da corrida foi calculada a cada s?rie de 2 km. Temperatura retal, freq??ncia card?aca e ?ndice de estresse fisiol?gico foram medidos antes e depois dos 10 km da corrida e no fim de cada 2 km. Taxa de armazenamento de calor foi medida a cada 2 km. Al?m disso, o estresse ambiental (WBGT) foi medido a cada 10 min. A velocidade de corrida (10,9 ? 1 e 10,9 ? 1,1 km.h-1), freq??ncia card?aca (183 ? 10 e 180 ? 12 bpm), temperatura retal (38,82 ? 0,29 e 38,81 ? 0,49oC), ?ndice estresse fisiol?gico (9 ? 1 e 9 ? 1) e taxa de armazenamento de calor (71,9 ? 64,1 e 80,7 ? 56,7 Wm-1), n?o foi diferente entre as situa??es HAIR e NOHAIR, respectivamente (p>0,05). N?o houve diferen?a no WBGT entre HAIR e NOHAIR (24,0 ? 1.4? C e 23,2 ? 1,5? C, respectivamente; p=0,10). Os resultados sugerem que raspar o cabelo da cabe?a n?o altera a velocidade da corrida e as respostas termorregulat?rias durante 10 km de corrida sob o sol

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42\ub74% vs 44\ub72%; absolute difference \u20131\ub769 [\u20139\ub758 to 6\ub711] p=0\ub767; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5\u20138] vs 6 [5\u20138] cm H2O; p=0\ub70011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30\ub75% vs 19\ub79%; p=0\ub70004; adjusted effect 16\ub741% [95% CI 9\ub752\u201323\ub752]; p&lt;0\ub70001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0\ub780 [95% CI 0\ub775\u20130\ub786]; p&lt;0\ub70001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status. Funding: No funding

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure &lt;= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt