Application of liquid chromatography in substitution of the radioimmunoassay technique in order to reduce residues generated in health services in research laboratory

Designing a Health Care Service Waste Management Plan, according to the RDC 306 rules, is a responsibility of all those who produce such waste. Since radioimmunoassay (RIA) is one of the most employed techniques, we studied the impact of replacing this technique by liquid chromatography (HPLC) with regard to the reduction of the radioactive residues routinely produced by the UNIFESP steroid laboratory. The residues produced by the determination of serum cortisol and 17 α-hydroxyprogesterone were classified, and those belonging to groups B and C were evaluated. We observed that, when RIA is used, chemical residues (group B) and radioactive waste (group C) are produced, whereas HPLC generates only chemical residues. Adequation of these techniques showed to be advantageous, by significantly reducing the time of analysis and mainly by eliminating and/or reducing the generation of radioactive waste, encouraging its application to other methodologies, as well as its adoption by other research units.A elaboração do Plano de Gerenciamento dos Resíduos dos Serviços de Saúde, normatizado na RDC nº 306/2004, é de responsabilidade de todos os geradores. Sendo o radioimunoensaio (RIE) uma das técnicas mais empregadas, estudou-se o impacto da substituição dessa técnica por cromatografia líquida (HPLC), no aspecto da redução na geração de resíduos radioativos na rotina do Laboratório de Esteróides da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP). Os resíduos gerados nas determinações de cortisol e 17α-hidroxiprogesterona séricos foram classificados, e aqueles pertencentes aos grupos B e C foram avaliados. Observou-se que no emprego de RIE há geração de resíduos químicos (grupo B) e rejeitos radioativos (grupo C), enquanto no HPLC gerou-se apenas resíduos químicos. A adequação dessas técnicas teve vantagem de redução significativa no tempo de análise e, sobretudo, a eliminação e/ou a diminuição na geração de rejeitos radioativos, estimulando a sua aplicação para outras metodologias, bem como a implantação em outras unidades de pesquisas.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de Medicina Laboratório de EsteróidesUNIFESP, Depto. de Medicina Laboratório de EsteróidesSciEL

Development of a radioimmunoassay for serum 21-deoxycortisol and its potential application in the diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Serum 21-deoxycortisol (21DF) has been considered a useful hormonal marker for the diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD). Although several radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods for 21DF have been reported, none are commercially available. We developed a RIA adapted for 21DF determination, preceded by ether-extraction and liquid chromatographic separation (HPLC) of samples. The assay was employed to evaluate children (15F/10M) with the classic form of 21OHD and a control group (5F/8M). The antibody obtained, in addition to efficient HPLC separation, permitted tritiated cortisol instead of 21DF to be used, since labeled ³H-21DF is expensive and difficult to obtain. Serum cortisol levels were reduced in patients with 21OHD (48h following therapy withdrawal) as compared to controls (2.1±2.1 vs. 16.2±7.0mug/dl), whereas serum levels of 21DF were significantly elevated (1,359±853ng/dl, ranging from 434 to 3,079) in the former, but consistently below the sensitivity limit of the assay (156ng/dl) in the latter group. The reported method, although devoid of sensitivity for its application in normal subjects, permits 21DF to be quantified in patients with 21OHD, with adequate sensitivity and specificity to diagnose and follow patients with this condition.O 21-deoxicortisol (21DF) sérico tem sido considerado um excelente marcador para o diagnóstico da hiperplasia adrenal congênita (HAC) por deficiência de 21-hidroxilase (D21OH). Embora vários métodos de radioimunoensaio (RIE) tenham sido descritos para 21DF, nenhum deles está disponível comercialmente. Desenvolvemos um RIE adaptado para a dosagem de 21DF, com extração prévia das amostras com éter e separação por cromatografia líquida (HPLC). O ensaio foi aplicado para a avaliação de crianças portadoras da forma clássica de D21OH (15F/10M) e um grupo controle (5F/8M). O anticorpo obtido, associado à eficiência da separação por HPLC, viabilizou o emprego do cortisol triciado neste RIE. Enquanto nos pacientes os níveis de cortisol estavam reduzidos (48h após suspensão do tratamento) em comparação com o grupo controle (2,1±2,1 vs. 16,2±7,0mig/dl), os valores do 21DF sérico estavam bastante elevados (1.359±853ng/dl, variando de 434 a 3.079), embora consistentemente abaixo do limite de sensibilidade (156ng/dl) no grupo controle. O presente método, mesmo destituído de sensibilidade para aplicação em indivíduos normais, permite a quantificação deste esteróide em portadores de D21OH, com a sensibilidade e a especificidade necessárias para o diagnóstico e acompanhamento desta condição clínica.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) EPM Departamento de MedicinaHospital Infantil Darcy Vargas Serviço de Endocrinologia PediátricaHôpital Saint Louis Service de Biologie HormonaleUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de MedicinaSciEL

High intake of phytoestrogens and precocious thelarche: case report with a possible correlation

Precocious thelarche is the breast development before 8 years of age with two peaks of incidence during the first two years of life and after 6 years of age. A 4.75-year-old girl presented with thelarche associated to an excessive intake of phytoestrogens (phye). Tanner development B2P1-2, hormonal levels and pelvic US were compatible with peripheral precocious puberty. During follow-up, a daily intake of soy-based foods was observed (> 40 mg phye/day). Soy is rich in phytoestrogens, mainly genistein and daidzein. Although phye are less strong than estradiol, its concentration could be from 13,000 to 22,000 times stronger in children fed only by soy-based formulas. Parents were advised and soy intake was reduced to once a week. Progression of pubertal development ceased at B2-3P1. The patient, now 8.66 years old, keeps growing with similar bone and chronological ages. Some questions related to industrial food security, mainly the soy-based food, remain without precise answer. Although it is well known the entity of non-progressive precocious puberty and premature thelarche, pubertal development in this case was strongly related to excessive daily intake of soy and other phye-rich food that could trigger puberty as endocrine disruptor.Telarca precoce, desenvolvimento mamário antes dos 8 anos de idade, apresenta dois picos de incidência, nos dois primeiros anos de vida e após os 6 anos de idade. Uma menina de 4,75 anos apresentou-se com telarca associada à ingestão excessiva de fitoestrógenos. O desenvolvimento puberal M2P1-2, os níveis hormonais e o US pélvico eram compatíveis com puberdade precoce periférica. Durante o seguimento, observou-se ingestão diária de alimentos baseados em soja (> 40 mg fitoestrógenos/dia). Soja contém fitoestrógenos, principalmente genisteína e daidzeína. Embora menos potentes do que o estradiol, sua concentração pode ser 13.000 a 22.000 vezes maior em crianças alimentadas somente com fórmulas baseadas em soja. Os pais foram aconselhados a reduzir para uma vez na semana o seu fornecimento na dieta. O desenvolvimento puberal cessou em M2-3P1 e a paciente, com 8,66 anos, continua a desenvolver-se com idades óssea e cronológica equivalentes. Questões relacionadas à segurança alimentar, principalmente de alimentos baseados em soja, permanecem sem respostas precisas. Embora sejam conhecidas as etiologias da puberdade precoce não progressiva e da telarca prematura, neste caso esteve fortemente relacionada à ingestão excessiva de soja e de outros alimentos ricos em fitoestrógenos que poderiam ter desencadeado a telarca atuando como desreguladores endócrinos.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Departamento de MedicinaUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de MedicinaSciEL

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost