Parâmetros genéticos para a conservação de Hymenaea courbaril L. na Amazônia sul-ocidental

The loss of diversity in tropical regions has been focus on several governmental and non-governmental discussions, focusing mainly on the fragmentation and destruction of natural ecosystems. However, decisions about the conservation of genetic resources must be guided by population genetic parameters, especially for species with economic interests that are subject to greater human interference. This study aimed to define and evaluate genetic parameters for the conservation of populations of Hymenaea courbaril in southwestern Amazon. This species is one of the most valuable and intensively exploited wood species in the Brazilian Amazon. We studied three forest areas prepared for logging in the background of sustainable management. It was calculated with eight microsatellite loci, genetic diversity, intra-population conservation estimators and genetic divergence among populations. Genetic diversity and fixation index were higher in the low density populations (< 0.08 ind.ha -1 ). The most density population (0.25 ind.ha -1 ) showed the lowest genetic diversity and no inbreeding. The Minimum Viable Area for species conservation was consistent with the reality of the studied areas, with a proviso for one of the populations where there is a need for a much larger area than the other to conserve populations. The genetic divergence was high ( G’ ST = 0.344) and the populations were considered Independent Management Units

Parâmetros do sistema reprodutivo em uma população de alta densidade de andirobas na Floresta Amazônica

The objective of this work was to estimate the mating system parameters of a andiroba (Carapa guianensis) population using microsatellite markers and the mixed and correlated mating models. Twelve open‑pollinated progeny arrays of 15 individuals were sampled in an area with C. guianensis estimated density of 25.7 trees per hectare. Overall, the species has a mixed reproductive system, with a predominance of outcrossing. The multilocus outcrossing rate (tm = 0.862) was significantly lower than the unity, indicating that self‑pollination occurred. The rate of biparental inbreeding was substantial (tm ‑ rs = 0.134) and significantly different from zero. The correlation of selfing within progenies was high (rs = 0.635), indicating variation in the individual outcrossing rate. Consistent with this result, the estimate of the individual outcrossing rate ranged from 0.598 to 0.978. The multilocus correlation of paternity was low (rp(m) = 0.081), but significantly different from zero, suggesting that the progenies contain full‑sibs. The coancestry within progenies (Θ = 0.185) was higher and the variance effective size (Ne(v) = 2.7) was lower than expected for true half‑sib progenies (Θ = 0.125; Ne(v) = 4). These results suggest that, in order to maintain a minimum effective size of 150 individuals for breeding, genetic conservation, and environmental reforestation programs, seeds from at least 56 trees must be collected.O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar parâmetros do sistema reprodutivo de uma população de andirobas (Carapa guianensis), com uso de marcadores microssatélites e de modelos de cruzamentos mistos e correlacionados. Doze arranjos de progênies com 15 indivíduos oriundos de polinização aberta foram amostrados em área com densidade populacional de andirobas de 25,7 árvores por hectare. No geral, a espécie tem um sistema misto de reprodução, com predominância de fecundação cruzada. A taxa de reprodução multiloco (tm = 0,862) foi significativamente menor que a unidade, o que indica que houve autofecundação. A taxa de cruzamento entre indivíduos aparentados foi substancial (tm ‑ ts = 0,134) e significativamente diferente de zero. A correlação de autofecundação nas progênies foi alta (rs = 0,635), o que indica taxa de fecundação cruzada individual variável. Em consonância com esse resultado, a estimativa da taxa de fecundação cruzada individual variou de 0,598 a 0,978. A correlação multiloco de paternidade foi baixa (rp(m) = 0,081), mas significativamente diferente de zero, o que sugere progênies com irmãos completos. A coancestria dentro das progênies (Θ = 0,185) foi maior e o tamanho efetivo de variância (Ne(v) = 2,7) foi menor que o esperado para verdadeiras progênies de meios‑irmãos (Θ = 0,125; Ne(v) = 4). Esses resultados sugerem que, para manter um tamanho efetivo mínimo de 150 indivíduos, para melhoramento, conservação genética e programas de reflorestamento ambiental, sementes de pelo menos 56 árvores devem ser coletadas

Genetic structure studies on a long pepper (Piper hispidinervum C.DC.) natural population for exploitation and conservation

A pimenta longa (Piper hispidinervum) é uma arvoreta encontrada em áreas antropizadas, no estado do Acre, de alto valor econômico. Recentemente, o interesse por esta planta foi despertado por parte das indústrias de cosméticos e inseticidas devido ao safrol obtido do óleo essencial extraído de suas folhas e ramos finos. Diante deste fato, a domesticação e manejo da espécie vêm sendo desenvolvidos para se definir o melhor sistema de cultivo. Estudos sobre a diversidade genética e sua distribuição em populações naturais de pimenta longa são de extrema importância para a definição de estratégias adequadas de manejo e cultivo, porém não existem, na literatura, estudos dessa natureza. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a estrutura genética de treze populações naturais de P. hispidinervum do Vale do Acre; estimar a taxa de cruzamento preferencial de uma população natural; e avaliar a diversidade genética representada na Coleção de Germoplasma de Pimenta Longa da Embrapa Acre, por meio de marcadores RAPD. A espécie P. hispidinervum apresentou altos níveis de diversidade genética, sendo esta estruturada no espaço segundo um padrão de isolamento por distância. A maior parte da variabilidade genética esteve entre indivíduos dentro de populações, porém a diferenciação entre populações, como um todo, foi alta (&#415;p = 0,25). O agrupamento das populações, em função da distância genética &#632;st entre elas, mostrou dois grupos distintos, os quais representam as regiões do Alto Acre e Baixo Acre. A AMOVA mostrou que 20,61 % da variabilidade total está entre essas duas regiões. Embora as estimativas de fluxo gênico aparente (Nm) tenham dado valores inferiores a um, a estruturação genética observada foi atribuída a diferentes histórias de vida das populações e não à restrição de fluxo gênico. A taxa de cruzamento multilocos foi estimada em 1,033, evidenciando que a espécie é preferencialmente alógama. As estimativas dos coeficientes de endogamia f e F não diferiram de zero e os cruzamentos ocorreram preferencialmente entre indivíduos não-aparentados. Os dados obtidos sugerem que estratégias de domesticação e cultivo da pimenta longa devem levar em consideração possíveis efeitos de depressão por endogamia. A diversidade genética representada na Coleção de Germoplasma de Pimenta Longa da Embrapa Acre foi elevada, sendo as espécies P. aduncum e P. hispidinervum muito diferentes geneticamente, em que a primeira apresentou padrão similar ao esperado para uma espécie autógama e a segunda, padrão de alogamia. Dos dezesseis genótipos não identificados botanicamente, nove puderam ser identificados como P. hispidinervum e outros seis se mostraram similares a esta espécie, sendo considerados como ecótipos.Long pepper (Piper hispidinervum) is a small tree with high commercial value found in antropic areas in the State of Acre. Recent interest in this plant by cosmetic and insecticide industries was motivated by the safrole contained in the essential oil extracted from its leaves and fine twigs. Domestication and agricultural management studies on the species have been developed to define the best cultivation system. Assessments on long pepper genetic diversity and its distribution in the natural populations are extremely important to define suitable management and cultivation strategies. However, no reports are yet available in the literature. The objectives of this study were: a) to assess the genetic structure of thirteen natural P. hispidinervum populations of the Acre Valley; b) to estimate the preferential cross pollination rate of a natural population; and, c) to evaluate the genetic diversity sampled in the Long Pepper Germplasm Collection at Embrapa Acre, using RAPD markers. The P. hispidinervum species showed high levels of genetic diversity spatially structured according to an isolation by distance partem. Most of the detected genetic variability was among individuals within the populations, but the differentiation among populations was high (&#415;p = 0,25). Population clustering as function of their genetic distances (&#632;st) formed two distinct groups that represented the High Acre and Low Acre regions. The AMOVA procedure showed that 20.61% of the total variability was among these two regions. Although the values of the apparent genetic flow estimates (Nm) were smaller than one, the observed genetic structure was attributed to a different life history of the populations and not to a restriction in the gene flow. The multilocicross rate was estimated at 1.033 showing that the species is preferentially open-pollinating. The estimates of the f and F endogamy coefficients did not differ from zero indicating that the crosses occurred preferentially among unrelated individuals. The obtained data suggested that long pepper domestication and cultivation strategies should consider possible inbreeding depression effects. The genetic diversity represented in the Long Pepper Germplasm Collection at Embrapa Acre was high. However, the P. aduncum and P. hispidinervum species are genetically very different showing patterns similar to those expected for self pollinating and for open pollinating species, respectively. Nine of the sixteen genotypes which were not botanically identified could be classified as P. hispidinervum by the RAPD analysis and another six ones showed characteristics similar to those of the species and were considered to be ecotypes

CERTIFICAÇÃO DE PRODUTOS FLORESTAIS NÃO MADEIREIROS NA PERSPECTIVA MERCADOLÓGICA DE ASSOCIAÇÕES EXTRATIVISTAS NO ESTADO DO ACRE

A Certificação concedida pelo Conselho de Manejo Flo-restal é um instrumento de gestão para o uso sustentá-vel dos recursos florestais, considerando aspectos soci-ais, econômicos e ambientais. Dentre suas vantagens está a possibilidade de conquistar novos mercados e agregar valor ao produto. Diante da experiência das Associações dos Seringueiros Porto Dias e dos Morado-res e Agroextrativistas do Remanso de Capixaba, ambas do Estado do Acre, este estudo avaliou a percepção de seus manejadores em relação ao mercado para Produtos Florestais Não Madeireiros certificados através de en-trevistas estruturadas. Nesse universo que representou 100% das famílias certificadas nas duas Associações, 53% dos entrevistados consideraram as questões relativas ao mercado como maior dificuldade encontrada para man-ter a certificação enquanto que 59% apontaram que melhoria das condições de comercialização de seus produtos como o principal entrave para a manutenção do processo. Verificou-se que agregar valor e comercia-lizar o produto com vantagem competitiva são condições essenciais para a viabilidade da Certificação Florestal Comunitária como incentivo ao manejo sustentável dos recursos florestais na Amazônia

PAR\uc2METROS GEN\uc9TICOS PARA A CONSERVA\uc7\uc3O DE Hymenaea courbaril L. NA AMAZ 4NIA SUL-OCIDENTAL

The loss of diversity in tropical regions has been focus on several governmental and non-governmental discussions, focusing mainly on the fragmentation and destruction of natural ecosystems. However, decisions about the conservation of genetic resources must be guided by population genetic parameters, especially for species with economic interests that are subject to greater human interference. This study aimed to define and evaluate genetic parameters for the conservation of populations of Hymenaea courbaril in southwestern Amazon. This species is one of the most valuable and intensively exploited wood species in the Brazilian Amazon. We studied three forest areas prepared for logging in the background of sustainable management. It was calculated with eight microsatellite loci, genetic diversity, intra-population conservation estimators and genetic divergence among populations. Genetic diversity and fixation index were higher in the low density populations (&lt; 0.08 ind.ha-1). The most density population (0.25 ind.ha-1) showed the lowest genetic diversity and no inbreeding. The Minimum Viable Area for species conservation was consistent with the reality of the studied areas, with a proviso for one of the populations where there is a need for a much larger area than the other to conserve populations. The genetic divergence was high (G\u2019 ST = 0.344) and the populations were considered Independent Management Units.A perda de diversidade em regi\uf5es tropicais tem sido pauta em diversas discuss\uf5es governamentais e n\ue3o governamentais, com foco principalmente na fragmenta\ue7\ue3o e destrui\ue7\ue3o de ecossistemas naturais. No entanto, tomadas de decis\uf5es sobre a conserva\ue7\ue3o de recursos gen\ue9ticos precisam ser pautadas em par\ue2metros gen\ue9ticos populacionais, especialmente para as esp\ue9cies com interesse econ\uf4mico que s\ue3o alvo de maior interfer\ueancia humana. Este trabalho teve como objetivo definir e avaliar par\ue2metros gen\ue9ticos para a conserva\ue7\ue3o de popula\ue7\uf5es de jatob\ue1 ( Hymenaea courbaril ) na regi\ue3o sul-ocidental da Amaz\uf4nia brasileira. A esp\ue9cie \ue9 uma das que possuem madeira mais valiosa e \ue9 uma das mais intensamente exploradas na Amaz\uf4nia brasileira. O estudo foi realizado em tr\ueas \ue1reas de florestas preparadas para a explora\ue7\ue3o madeireira, segundo plano de manejo sustent\ue1vel. Calculou-se, com uso de oito locos de marcadores microssat\ue9lites, a diversidade gen\ue9tica, os estimadores para a conserva\ue7\ue3o da esp\ue9cie e a diverg\ueancia entre as popula\ue7\uf5es. As popula\ue7\uf5es com menor densidade populacional (&lt; 0,08 ind.ha-1) apresentaram maior diversidade gen\ue9tica e \uedndice de fixa\ue7\ue3o elevado. A popula\ue7\ue3o com maior densidade populacional (0,25 ind.ha-1) foi a que apresentou menor diversidade gen\ue9tica e aus\ueancia de endogamia. A \uc1rea M\uednima Vi\ue1vel para conserva\ue7\ue3o da esp\ue9cie foi compat\uedvel com a realidade do local de estudo, com uma ressalva de uma das popula\ue7\uf5es onde h\ue1 necessidade de uma \ue1rea muito maior em rela\ue7\ue3o \ue0s demais. A diverg\ueancia gen\ue9tica foi elevada (G\u2019 ST = 0,344) e as popula\ue7\uf5es foram classificadas como Unidades Independentes para o Manejo

GENETIC PARAMETERS FOR Hymenaea courbaril L. CONSERVATION IN SOUTHWESTERN AMAZON

<p><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509810538">http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509813326</a></p>The loss of diversity in tropical regions has been focus on several governmental and non-governmentaldiscussions, focusing mainly on the fragmentation and destruction of natural ecosystems. However,decisions about the conservation of genetic resources must be guided by population genetic parameters,especially for species with economic interests that are subject to greater human interference. This studyaimed to define and evaluate genetic parameters for the conservation of populations of Hymenaea courbarilin southwestern Amazon. This species is one of the most valuable and intensively exploited wood species inthe Brazilian Amazon. We studied three forest areas prepared for logging in the background of sustainablemanagement. It was calculated with eight microsatellite loci, genetic diversity, intra-population conservationestimators and genetic divergence among populations. Genetic diversity and fixation index were higher inthe low density populations (&lt; 0.08 ind.ha-1). The most density population (0.25 ind.ha-1) showed the lowestgenetic diversity and no inbreeding. The Minimum Viable Area for species conservation was consistent with the reality of the studied areas, with a proviso for one of the populations where there is a need for amuch larger area than the other to conserve populations. The genetic divergence was high (G’ST = 0.344) andthe populations were considered Independent Management Units

Genetic structure of Bertholletia excelsa populations from the Amazon at different spatial scales

Population genetic structure and genetic diversity levels are important issues to understand population dynamics and to guide forest management plans. The Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) is an endemic species, widely distributed through Amazonian upland forests and also an important species for the local extractive economy. Our aim was to analyze the genetic structure of Brazil nut trees at both fine and large scales throughout the Amazon Basin, contributing to the knowledge base on this species and to generate information to support plans for its conservation. We genotyped individuals from nine sites distributed in five regions of the Brazilian Amazon using 11 microsatellite loci. We found an excess of heterozygotes in most populations, with significant negative inbreeding coefficients (f) for five of them and the fine-scale structure, when present, was very small. These results, as a consequence of self-incompatibility, indicate that conservation plans for B. excelsa must include the maintenance of genetic diversity within populations to ensure viable amounts of seeds for both economic purposes and for the local persistence of the species.164955964CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP479626/2004-9Sem informação09/50739-

Mating system parameters in a high density population of andirobas in the Amazon forest

The objective of this work was to estimate the mating system parameters of a andiroba (Carapa guianensis) population using microsatellite markers and the mixed and correlated mating models. Twelve open‑pollinated progeny arrays of 15 individuals were sampled in an area with C. guianensis estimated density of 25.7 trees per hectare. Overall, the species has a mixed reproductive system, with a predominance of outcrossing. The multilocus outcrossing rate (t m = 0.862) was significantly lower than the unity, indicating that self‑pollination occurred. The rate of biparental inbreeding was substantial (t m ‑ t s = 0.134) and significantly different from zero. The correlation of selfing within progenies was high (r s = 0.635), indicating variation in the individual outcrossing rate. Consistent with this result, the estimate of the individual outcrossing rate ranged from 0.598 to 0.978. The multilocus correlation of paternity was low (r p(m) = 0.081), but significantly different from zero, suggesting that the progenies contain full‑sibs. The coancestry within progenies (Θ = 0.185) was higher and the variance effective size (Ne(v) = 2.7) was lower than expected for true half‑sib progenies (Θ = 0.125; Ne(v) = 4). These results suggest that, in order to maintain a minimum effective size of 150 individuals for breeding, genetic conservation, and environmental reforestation programs, seeds from at least 56 trees must be collected