Use of herbicides in the culture of Crotalaria ochroleuca G.Don/Utilização de herbicidas na cultura de Crotalaria ochroleuca G.Don

In areas where crotalaria are implanted, weed species may occur, which require adequate management for their control, as they may be competitive with the crop. In view of the above, this work aims to understand the action of herbicides in the control of the viola string in the crotalaria culture. The work was carried out in a greenhouse with a completely randomized design, in a 4x3 factorial scheme, using four herbicides: Sulfentrazone; Flumioxazin; Amicarbazone and Diclosulam, interacting with four concentrations: 25; 50; 75; 100% of the recommended dose plus a control group with no herbicide and with four replications, totaling 52 plots. All herbicides used, even at doses below that recommended by the manufacturer, did not show selectivity to the crotalaria culture. The Diclosulan molecule kept seedlings alive until the seventh day of germination or twelfth day after sowing. With only 68% of the dose of any molecule, it was possible to kill 100% of the crotalaria seedlings

EFFECT OF INSTANTANEOUS LIGHT INTENSITY AFTER MAGNESIUM SUPPRESSION IN TOMATO AND BELL PEPPER CULTIVATION

Plants dynamically respond to varying light intensities, which may further interact with their nutrient status to affect gas exchange parameters. This study investigated the combined effect of instantaneous light intensity and magnesium suppression on tomato and bell pepper cultivation. Two independent experiments were conducted in September 2022 using the tomato variety Mariana (Sakata®) and bell pepper variety Magali R (Sakata®) at the Faculty of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil. A completely randomized 2x5 factorial design was employed, with the first factor being the presence/absence of magnesium in the nutrient solution and the second factor being four light intensities: 0 (control), 600, 1200, and 1800 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) applied instantaneously using an IRGA device. Magnesium deficiency was confirmed to be a limiting factor for gas exchange responses in both tomato and pepper crops. Notably, the light intensity of 1200 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PAR elicited the most optimal gas exchange performance in both plant species

Aspectos morfoanatômicos e qualidade tecnológica do sorgo sacarino submetido à reguladores vegetais

With the increase in the demand for renewable fuels, the sugarcane industry must seek a way of increasing agro-industrial productivity while reducing production costs. Currently, there are few reports on the use of plant growth regulators in saccharine sorghum crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application of chemical ripening agents on the technological quality and the morphological and anatomical aspects of saccharine sorghum. The experiment was conducted at the Cerradinho Mill in Catanduva, São Paulo state. Plant growth regulators applied were etephon at 1.32, 0.66 and 0.33 L ha-1, sulfometuron-methyl at 20.0, 10.0 and 5.0 g ha-1, thiadizuron at 0.150, 0.100 and 0.50 L ha-1, ethyl-trinexapac at 0.80, 0.40 and 0.20 L ha-1 and a control treatment. The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks with a subplot design with four replications. The following technological parameters were evaluated: juice purity, reduced sugars, total recoverable sugars, juice brix, juice pol, theoretical recoverable sugars and fiber (%). The thickness of the upper face or adaxial epidermis (AdE), the thickness of the lower face or abaxial epidermis (AbE), sclerenchyma diameter (SD), mesophyll thickness (MT), diameter of xilematic vessels (DX) and diameter of phloematic vessels (DP) were evaluated. It is concluded that saccharine sorghum showed a significant increase in technological quality when etephon was used at dose of 0.33 L ha-1, and at 0.66 L ha-1 between 37 and 44 days after the application of chemical ripening agents. For the technical characteristics, the chemical ripening agent sulfometuron-methyl and etephon in doses of 5 g. ha-1 and 0.33 L ha-1, respectively, promoted the best results from the 37 days after application. For anatomic characteristics of saccharide sorghum plants, the chemical ripener agent thiadizuron in dose of 0.100 L ha-1 showed the best results at 44 days after application.Com o aumento na demanda de combustíveis renováveis, a indústria sucroenergética tem tido como desafio o aumento da produtividade agroindustrial, além da redução dos custos de produção. Atualmente, são escassos os relatos da utilização de reguladores vegetais na cultura do sorgo sacarino. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar aplicação dos reguladores vegetais na qualidade tecnológica e aspectos morfoanatômicos do sorgo sacarino. O ensaio foi realizado na usina Cerradinho em Catanduva SP. As aplicações dos reguladores vegetais foram: etephon nas dosagens de 1,32, 0,66, 0,33 L ha-1, sulfometuron-methyl nas dosagens de 20, 10, 5 g ha-1, thiadizuron nas dosagens de 0,150, 0,100, 0,50 L ha-1, ethyl-trinexapac nas dosagens de 0,80, 0,40, 0,20 L ha-1 e controle. O experimento foi conduzido em Blocos Casualizados, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas as variáveis tecnológicas: pureza do caldo, açúcares redutores, açúcares totais recuperáveis, brix do caldo, pol do caldo, açúcares teóricos recuperáveis, fibra (%) e mensurados: espessura da epiderme da face adaxial (EAD); espessura da epiderme da face abaxial (EAB); diâmetro do esclerênquima (DE); espessura do mesofilo (MF); diâmetro dos vasos xilemáticos (DX) e diâmetro dos vasos floemáticos (DF). Para as características tecnológicas, os maturadores químicos sulfometuron-methyl e etephon nas doses 5 g ha-1 e 0,33 L ha-1, respectivamente, promoveram os melhores resultados a partir dos 37 dias após a aplicação. Para as características morfonatômicas, o maturador químico thiadizuron na dose 0,100 L ha-1 apresentou os melhores resultados aos 44 dias após a aplicação

Morphoanatomic characteristics of the sugarcane’s leaves under residual effect after ripeners application

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos residuais de maturadores nas características morfoanatômicas de folhas da cana-de-açúcar. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados no esquema de parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas foram constituídas pelas variedades de cana-de-açúcar (SP80-3280 e SP80-1842) e as subparcelas dos diferentes maturadores: Curavial 20 g p.c. ha-1 (sulfometuron-methyl); Curavial 20g p.c. ha-1 + Roundup 0,15 L ha-1 (sulfometuron-methyl + glyphosate); Ethrel 0,67 L ha-1 (etephon); Ethrel 0,67 L ha-1 + Roundup 0,15 L ha-1 (etephon + glyphosate); Moddus 0,80 L ha-1 (ethyl-trinexapac); MTD 1,0 L ha-1 (Compostos de radicais carboxílicos orgânicos); MTD 1,0 L ha-1 + Roundup 0,15 L ha-1 (Compostos de radicais carboxílicos orgânicos + glyphosate); Roundup 0,15 L ha-1 (glyphosate); e Testemunha. Foram mensurados os seguintes parâmetros quantitativos dos tecidos: espessura da epiderme da face adaxial; espessura da epiderme da face abaxial; espessura do mesofilo; espessura do limbo; diâmetro do xilema; e diâmetro do floema. De maneira geral, as características morfoanatômicas foliares de cana-de-açúcar apresentaram maiores valores médios para o efeito residual do maturador Ethrel (etephon). A variedade SP80-1842 exibiu os maiores valores para a maioria das características estudadas.The aim of this study was to evaluate the residual effects regarding the maturing on morphoanatomic characteristics relating the sugarcane’s leaves. The experimental design was a randomized block in a split plot. The plots were constituted by the following varieties of sugarcane (SP80-3280 and SP80-1842) and the subplots of different maturings: Curavial 20 g bw ha-1 (sulfomethuron-methyl); Curavial 20g bw ha-1 + Roundup 0.15 L ha-1 (sulfomethuron-methyl + glyphosate); Ethrel 0.67 L ha-1 (etephon); Ethrel 0.67 L ha-1 + Roundup 0.15 L ha-1 (etephon glyphosate +); Moddus 0.80 L ha-1 (ethyl-trinexapac); MTD 1,0 L ha-1 (Compounds of organic carboxylic radicals); MTD 1.0 L ha-1 + Roundup 0.15 L ha-1 (Compounds of organic carboxylic radicals + glyphosate); Roundup 0.15 L ha-1 (glyphosate); and check without application. The following quantitative parameters of the tissues were measured: thickness of the epidermis of the adaxial face; thickness of the epidermis of the abaxial surface; thickness of the mesophyll; blade thickness; diameter of the xylem; diameter and phloem. In general, the foliar morphoanatomic characteristics of the sugarcane showed higher average values for the residual effect of Ethrel maturing (etephon). The SP80-1842 variety demonstrated the highest values for most characteristics under study

Parâmetros tecnológicos e produtivos da cana-de-açúcar quando submetida à aplicação de maturadores químicos no início de safra

The use of chemical ripeners is a reality in the sugarcane sector. The objective of this work was to evaluate the technological and productive parameters of sugarcane when submitted to the application of chemical ripeners in the beginning of the harvest. The experimental design used was in randomized blocks arranged in split plots with four repetitions. The main plots consisted of the application of the following products with their respective dosages: control - without application; sulfometuron-methyl 0.02 kg ha-1 + glyphosate 0.15 L ha-1; ethephon 0.34 L ha-1 + glyphosate 0.15 L ha-1; glyphosate 0.35 L ha-1; compounds of organic carboxylic radicals – CC 1.0 L ha-1 + glyphosate 0.15 L ha-1. The subplots were composed of many different evaluation times: 0; 15 and 30 days after the application of products. The samples were collected manually and sent to the laboratory to determination of the brix, pol; reducing sugars; total reducing sugars; fiber; purity; humidity; theoretical recoverable sugar. Moreover, the productive parameters were determined: tons of culms per hectare and tons of sugar per hectare. Lastly, it was made the analysis of contents of shikimic acid and salicylic acid. The application of the mixture of chemical ripening compounds of organic carboxylic radicals + glyphosate showed an increase for the technological parameters of sugarcane15 days after application (DAA), followed by the treatment with application of glyphosate at 30 DAA.O uso de maturadores químicos é uma realidade no setor sucroenergético. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os parâmetros tecnológicos e produtivos da cana-de-açúcar, quando submetida à aplicação de maturadores químicos no início de safra. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados arranjados em parcelas subdivididas, com 4 repetições. As parcelas principais consistiram da aplicação dos seguintes produtos com suas respectivas dosagens: controle - sem aplicação; sulfometuron-metil 0,02 kg ha-1 + glyphosate 0,15 L ha-1; etephon 0,34 L ha-1 + glyphosate 0,15 L ha-1; glyphosate 0,35 L ha-1; compostos de radicais carboxílicos orgânicos 1,0 L ha-1 + glyphosate 0,15 L ha-1. As subparcelas foram constituídas de diferentes épocas de avaliação: 0, 15 e 30 dias após a aplicação dos produtos. As amostras foram colhidas manualmente e encaminhadas ao laboratório para determinação do brix, pol, açúcares redutores, açúcares redutores totais, fibra, pureza, umidade e açúcar teórico recuperável. Além disso, foram determinados os parâmetros produtivos: toneladas de colmos por hectare e toneladas de açúcar por hectare. Por fim, foram realizadas as análises dos teores de ácido chiquímico e ácido salicílico. A aplicação da mistura de maturadores químicos compostos de radicais carboxílicos orgânicos + glyphosate apresentou um incremento para os parâmetros tecnológicos da cana-de-açúcar aos 15 dias após a aplicação (DAA), seguido pelo tratamento com a aplicação de glyphosate aos 30 DAA

Parâmetros morfofisiológicos e de desenvolvimento de variedades de milho

Knowing the characteristics of maize varieties becomes a strategy for an adequate crop planning, in order to extract the maximum agronomic power of each variety. The objective of this work is to know the morphophysiological and developmental parameters of maize varieties. The experiment was conducted in August 2021, in Faculdades Integradas Stella Maris (FISMA), located in the Municipality of Andradina, State of São Paulo. The design was entirely randomized, where six maize varieties were grown: XB 8010; AG 1051; Cateto Paraguay; Sweet Maize (Paraguay Soup); White Maize and Asteca Mole and with four repetitions, totaling 20 plots or pots. The hybrid varieties showed better development characteristics. The criolla variety Asteca Mole presented lower developmental characteristics. Stomatal density and functionality were expressed in an antagonistic way. Maize varieties did not present differences in internal morphology in the leaves. Correlations were found between the morphophysiological and developmental parameters in the maize varieties.Conhecer as características de variedades de milho torna uma estratégia para o um planejamento de adequado de safra, a fim de extrair o máximo do poder agronômica de cada variedade. O objetivo desse trabalho é conhecer os parâmetros morfofisiológicos e de desenvolvimento de variedades de milho. O experimento foi realizado em agosto de 2021, nas Faculdades Integradas Stella Maris (FISMA), localizada no Município de Andradina, Estado de São Paulo. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, onde foram cultivadas seis variedades de milho: XB 8010; AG 1051; Cateto Paraguai; Milho Doce (Sopa Paraguai); Milho Branco e Asteca Mole e com quatro repetições, totalizando 20 parcelas ou vasos. As variedades híbridas apresentam melhores características de desenvolvimento. A variedade crioula Asteca Mole apresentou menores características de desenvolvimento. A densidade e funcionalidade estomática se expressaram de maneira antagônica. As variedades de milho não apresentaram diferenças na morfologia interna nas folhas. Foram encontradas correlações entre os parâmetros morfofisiológicos com os de desenvolvimento nas variedades de milho

GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND FOLIARY ULTRASTRUCTURAL PARAMETERS OF DIFFERENT EUCALYPTUS GENETIC MATERIALS

Currently eucalyptus is used as raw material in different industrial segments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth, development and ultrastructural parameters in different eucalyptus genetic materials. The randomized block experiment was carried out in ten treatments and five replicates, with different genetic materials: six hybrids:I-144; H-13; 110; NA-151; NA-189 (Eucalyptus urophilla S. T. Blake x Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill); Grancam 1277 (Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill x Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.); and four pure genetic materials:0020 (Eucalyptus saligna Sm.); 0010 (Eucalyptus resinífera Sm.); Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. and Corymbia torelliana (F. Muell.) K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Johnson.Approximately four years after planting, the following variables were determined: plant height (AP), diameter at breast height (DAP), spad index (ISPAD), adaxial cuticle thickness (ECAD), abaxial cuticle thickness (ADX), abaxial epidermal thickness (EEAB), xylem diameter (DX), phloem diameter (DF) and palisade parenchyma length (CPP).The materials NA - 151 (Eucalyptus urophilla x E. grandis) and Grancam 1277 (E. grandis x E. camaldulensis) presented higher plant height (AP). The materials 0020 (E. saligna); 0010 (E. resinífera) and Corymbia torelliana presented smaller diameter at breast height (DAP). In general, the Corymbia torelliana genetic material had the lowest values in the ultrastructural foliar parameter

DESENVOLVIMENTO INICIAL DO ALGODOEIRO QUANDO SUBMETIDO À COMPETIÇÃO COM GRAMÍNEAS

Um dos fatores que comprometem o rendimento do algodoeiro cultivado, mesmo em cultivo em diferentes épocas de semeadura é a interferência exercida pelas plantas daninhas. O objetivo de trabalho foi avaliar a resposta do algodoeiro quando submetido à competição sob diferentes densidades de gramíneas. Foi realizado um experimento com delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial de 3x5 sendo três tipos de gramíneas Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu e Piatã e Urochloa ruziziensis com cinco intensidades de plantio da gramínea e cinco repetições, totalizando 75 parcelas ou vasos. Após 30 dias da semeadura foram determinados os seguintes parâmetros: ISPADAL – índice spad do algodoeiro; CEAL – condutância estomática do algodoeiro; APAL e APG – altura de planta do algodoeiro e gramínea; NFAL – número de folhas do algodoeiro; MSPAAL e MSPAG – massa seca da parte aérea do algodoeiro e gramínea; MSRAL e MSRG – massa seca de raiz do algodoeiro e gramínea. O algodoeiro responde de maneira negativa quando submetido à baixa densidade de plantio consorciado com gramíneas do gênero Urochloa. É necessário o controle de gramíneas do gênero Urochloa na cultura do algodoeiro. Não é recomendado o plantio consorciado do algodoeiro com gramíneas do gênero Urochloa

NUTRIENT SUPPRESSION IN PASSION FRUIT SPECIES: AN APPROACH TO LEAF DEVELOPMENT AND MORPHOLOGY

The production of passion fruit in commercial areas requires a good correction of nutrients in the soil, however, with nutritional restrictions it can cause symptoms of deficiency expressed mainly in the leaves and stems, which may appear spots, reduced growth, changes in the architecture of these organs mainly in the its size and shape. This work aimed to know the effects caused by the suppression of nutrients in passion fruit species with an approach on their development and leaf morphology. The experimental design was completely randomized (DIC) in a 2x6 factorial scheme where the first factor was composed of two passion fruit species: P. gibertii and P. edulis, interacting with the availability of nutrients, that is, a control group with the supply of all nutrients, with nitrogen suppression (N); phosphorus (P); potassium (K); magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe), totaling 12 treatments with four replications totaling 48 plots or plastic vessels per experiment. The species P. edulis showed better responses to the variables of development and leaf morphology. The species P. gibertii is more susceptible to nutrient deficiency and showed changes in the color and shape of its leaves with the restriction of nutrients. The nutrients Fe and Mg caused greater restrictions on the development and leaf morphology of passion fruit species. It is necessary to carry out a new study with the species P. gibertii regarding the appropriate concentrations of N, P and K provided in planting and cover, as this species is used as a rootstock in commercial areas

MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ARABIC COFFEE

The understanding of the behavior of each cultivar under adverse climatic conditions is important in the choice of plants that best fit the region to be inserted. Due to the large number of cultivars available on the market it makes it difficult for producers to choose which material to plant. In view of the above, this study aimed to know the morphophysiological characteristics of coffee. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with 10 treatments, that is, arabic coffee varieties: Catuai IAC62; Catuai IAC99; Ouro IAC4397; Tupi RN IAC1669-13; Obatã IAC1669-20; Mundo Novo IAC379-24; Mundo Novo IAC 388-17-2; Mundo Novo SH3 Faz São José; Bourbon IACJ15 and Icatu IAC 2944-11 and with four replications totaling 40 plots, where each plot was composed of seven plants. The Mundo Novo IAC 388-17-2 coffee variety shows higher yield in the seventh year of cultivation. Variety of Bourbon IACJ15 coffee presented water use efficiency (EUW) which did not reflect in higher productivity. The Catuai V IAC99 arabica coffee variety stood out in the internal morphology of the leaves. The thickness of the adaxial and abaxial epidermis (TADE and TABE) and the CO2 assimilation rate (A) showed negative correlations with the productivity of processed coffee bags. Keywords: Coffea arabica; plant morphology; plant physiology; varieties.ABSTRACT: The understanding of the behavior of each cultivar under adverse climatic conditions is important in the choice of plants that best fit the region to be inserted. Due to the large number of cultivars available on the market it makes it difficult for producers to choose which material to plant. In view of the above, this study aimed to know the morphophysiological characteristics of coffee. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with 10 treatments, that is, arabic coffee varieties: Catuai IAC62; Catuai IAC99; Ouro IAC4397; Tupi RN IAC1669-13; Obatã IAC1669-20; Mundo Novo IAC379-24; Mundo Novo IAC 388-17-2; Mundo Novo SH3 Faz São José; Bourbon IACJ15 and Icatu IAC 2944-11 and with four replications totaling 40 plots, where each plot was composed of seven plants. The Mundo Novo IAC 388-17-2 coffee variety shows higher yield in the seventh year of cultivation. Variety of Bourbon IACJ15 coffee presented water use efficiency (EUW) which did not reflect in higher productivity. The Catuai V IAC99 arabica coffee variety stood out in the internal morphology of the leaves. The thickness of the adaxial and abaxial epidermis (TADE and TABE) and the CO2 assimilation rate (A) showed negative correlations with the productivity of processed coffee bags. Keywords: Coffea arabica; plant morphology; plant physiology; varieties.   Características morfofisiológicas do café arábico   RESUMO: O entendimento do comportamento de cada cultivar sob condições climáticas adversas é importante na escolha das plantas que melhor se adaptam à região a ser inserida. Devido ao grande número de cultivares disponíveis no mercado, torna-se difícil para o produtor escolher qual material plantar. Diante do exposto, este estudo teve como objetivo conhecer as características morfofisiológicas do café. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com 10 tratamentos, ou seja, variedades de café arábico: Catuai IAC62; Catuai IAC99; Ouro IAC4397; Tupi RN IAC1669-13; Obatã IAC1669-20; Mundo Novo IAC379-24; Mundo Novo IAC 388-17-2; Mundo Novo SH3 Faz São José; Bourbon IACJ15 e Icatu IAC 2944-11 e com quatro repetições totalizando 40 parcelas, sendo cada parcela composta por sete plantas. A variedade de café Mundo Novo IAC 388-17-2 apresenta maior produtividade no sétimo ano de cultivo. A variedade de café Bourbon IACJ15 apresentou eficiência no uso de água (EUW) o que não refletiu em maior produtividade. A variedade de café arábica Catuai V IAC99 se destacou na morfologia interna das folhas. A espessura da epiderme adaxial e abaxial (TADE e TABE) e a taxa de assimilação de CO2 (A) apresentaram correlações negativas com a produtividade das sacas de café beneficiado. Keywords: Coffea arabica; morfologia vegetal; fisiologia vegetal; variedades