El surgimiento de "lo económico": Acción y orden social dentro de la tradición económica

The article analyses and gives account of the process of constitution of economic field as an independent domain, endowed with an inner coherence of its own, which permits the delimitation of a particular object of study and consequently the emergence of a specific discipline to deal with it: economic science. This process is important to sociology as long as it allows tracking the origin of the solution that traditional economics gives to one of the main problems of sociology, namely, the link between social action and economic order. The paper addresses the independence of economic domain following and broadening the three-author scheme proposed by Dumont (1999), with special attention to the progressive configuration of a particular notion of human action –the homo oeconomicus– and a specific concept of social order in close relation to it –a spontaneous order based on mutual benefits–.El artículo analiza y da cuenta del proceso de constitución de lo económico como un dominio independiente, dotado de una coherencia interna que le es propia, que permite la delimitación de un objeto de estudio particular y consecuentemente el surgimiento de una disciplina específica que lo aborde: la ciencia económica. Este proceso es importante para la sociología en tanto permite rastrear el origen de la solución que la economía “tradicional, “ortodoxa” o “liberal” da a uno de los problemas fundantes de la disciplina sociológica, a saber, el del vínculo entre acción y orden social. Se aborda la autonomización de lo económico siguiendo y ampliando el esquema de tres autores propuesto por Dumont (1999), con especial atención en la configuración progresiva de una determinada concepción respecto del actuar humano –el homo oeconomicus– y de una noción particular del orden social en íntima conexión con él –un orden espontáneo de mercado basado en el beneficio mutuo–

Fatores intraescolares associados ao abandono escolar no Chile: um estudo de caso

O presente artigo tem como objetivo central identificar os fatores de caráter intraescolar que, quando comparados, têm maior incidência no abandono escolarno ciclo primário de crianças de ambos os sexos que vivem em Cerro Navia, uma zona da cidade de Santiago do Chile que se caracteriza por elevados índices de pobreza. A informação qualitativa que serve de base a este trabalho foi obtida através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas aplicadas a duas amostras de 25 casos: uma de menores que abandonaram a escola e outra composta por crianças de ambos os sexos com perfil idêntico que permanecem na escola. Esta informação foi analisada segundo os princípios da análise do discurso e refere-se à perceção dos próprios menores, assim como das suas famílias em relação aos fatores intraescolares de abandono escolar e de permanência dos alunos em escolas públicas de Cerro Navia. Os resultados permitem observar diferenças importantes nos percursos educativos dos que abandonaram a escolae dos que permaneceram na escola, o que indicia o tipo de ações que poderiamadotar os próprios estabelecimentos de ensino de modo a prevenir a abandono escolar precoce dos seus estudantes.Palavras-chave: abandono; estudantes vulneráveis; pobreza; permanência; fatores intraescolares

Assessment of reschooling programs in Chile: The students’ perspective

Hoy en día nos vemos enfrentados al reto continuo de adaptarnos a las exigencias de un mundo en constante cambio. En este contexto, la educación adquiere una importancia fundamental, en especial los programas dirigidos a la población que por diversas razones no ha concluido sus estudios primarios y/o secundarios, ello considerando las consecuencias que la escolaridad incompleta tiene sobre estas personas. En este contexto, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo central indagar y comparar los perfiles y la evaluación de los estudiantes insertos en tres modalidades de reescolarización existentes en Chile (proyectos de reinserción, modalidad regular y modalidad flexible), esto a partir de los datos arrojados por una encuesta aplicada en Santiago de Chile a una muestra de 523 personas que cursan alguno de estos programas, repartidas en un total de 23 instituciones educativas. La muestra se obtuvo de manera probabilística mediante la técnica de muestreo por conglomerados, y el marco muestral se construyó a partir del total de registros de matrículas provisto por la Coordinación Nacional de Educación de Personas Jóvenes y Adultas (EPJA), del Ministerio de Educación de Chile (Mineduc). Los resultados -además de arrojar importantes diferencias en cuanto a los perfiles de estudiantes de las tres modalidades- muestran que, si bien las valoraciones y percepciones de estos alumnos respecto de los programas son positivas, quienes se muestran más críticos corresponden a los grupos de mayor vulnerabilidad social.Today we face the ongoing challenge of adapting ourselves to the demands of a changing world. In this context, education becomes crucial, especially the programs aimed at people who, for various reasons, have not completed primary and/or secondary school, considering the consequences that incomplete schooling has on these people. This study aims to investigate and compare the profiles and assessments of students who attend three reschooling programs in Chile (reintegration projects, regular, and flexible modalities), using the data produced by a survey in Santiago, Chile, with 523 people who attend one of these programs, involving twenty-three different educational institutions. The random sample was drawn by cluster sampling technique, and the sampling frame was built up from the total enrollment records provided by the National Coordination of Education for Youth and Adults of the Ministry of Education of Chile. In addition to differences observed between the students’ profiles attending the three kinds of reschooling programs, results allow to conclude that assessments and perceptions of students regarding these programs are positive, although participants in the most vulnerable groups appear to be more critical

Plan de negocio para el lanzamiento de una marca de pintura arquitect?nica ecol?gica para los segmentos A y B en Lima moderna

La presente tesis busca dar a conocer los conceptos relacionados con la elaboraci?n de pintura ecol?gica arquitect?nica en t?rminos de bajo/nulo contenido de compuestos org?nicos vol?tiles (COV), carcin?genos de toxicidad comprobada emitidos al ambiente durante la fabricaci?n, aplicaci?n y vida ?til de las pinturas, y que son responsables del caracter?stico olor penetrante e irritante que despide su uso, y adicionalmente, contaminan al ambiente a generar ozono a nivel troposf?rico. La legislaci?n nacional vigente no incentiva el empleo de productos que preserven la calidad de aire, el nivel de conocimiento del p?blico de este tipo de activos ecol?gicos es magro, lo que hace imprescindible un esfuerzo importante de comunicaci?n y publicidad para divulgar la propuesta de valor y favorecer la acogida del producto. La investigaci?n recurre a trabajo de campo y opiniones expertas para establecer el tama?o del mercado potencial, la demanda y los factores cr?ticos de ?xito del proyecto, pilares para definir estrategias y dimensionar la inversi?n necesaria en planta y marketing. Los montos de inversi?n y ventas, sometidos a an?lisis financiero indican rentabilidad y, por ende, viabilidad comercial del proyecto. Un an?lisis final de riesgos completa el an?lisis del proyecto

Diagnóstico de un brote de Salmonella Typhimurium en chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) mediante la electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado

Adult chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) that had suddenly died in a commercial farm located in La Plata City, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, in July 2012 were macroscopically, histopathologically, and microbiologically examined. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) was isolated from the liver, spleen, heart, lungs, kidneys and intestines from each of the five animals evaluated. The five strains were susceptible to ampicillin, cephalotin, cefotaxime, nalidixic acid, gentamicin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, and resistant to tetracycline. Each of the five S. Typhimurium isolates was analyzed by XbaI-pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), showing an identical electrophoretic profile with 15 defined bands, which was found to be identical to pattern ARJPXX01.0220 of the PulseNet Argentine National database of Salmonella PFGE patterns. This is the first work describing the postmortem diagnosis of an outbreak of salmonellosis in chinchillas by using molecular methods such as PFGE.Empleando estudios anatomopatológicos y microbiológicos se examinó a un grupo de chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) adultas que murieron súbitamente en 2012 en una granja de la ciudad de La Plata (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Se aisló Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) del hígado, el bazo, el corazón, los pulmones, los riñones y los intestinos de los cinco animales evaluados. Los cinco aislamientos estudiados (uno por animal) fueron sensibles a ampicilina, cefalotina, cefotaxima, ácido nalidíxico, gentamicina, estreptomicina, cloranfenicol, fosfomicina, nitrofurantoína y trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol, y resistentes a tetraciclina. El análisis de dichos aislamientos por electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado [pulsed-fi eld gel electrophoresis (PFGE)] con XbaI mostró un perÀ l electroforético idéntico con 15 bandas, idéntico a su vez al patrón ARJPXX01.0220 del banco nacional argentino de datos de PulseNet, que cuenta con patrones de PFGE de Salmonella. El presente trabajo describe por primera vez el diagnóstico postmortem de un brote de salmonelosis en chinchillas usando un método molecular, como la electroforesis en gel en campo pulsado.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Abstracts

Tradução, para a língua inglesa, dos resumos dos artigos publicados nesta edição

Guía Mexicana para el Diagnóstico y el Tratamiento de la Urticaria

La urticaria es una enfermedad que padece una quinta parte de la población en algún momento de su vida. Las guías inter- nacionales recientes han propuesto unos cambios de fondo en su diagnóstico y tratamiento, por lo que había la necesidad de crear una guía nacional y multidisciplinaria, con base amplia en los gremios de especialistas y médicos de primer contacto en México. ABSTRACT Urticaria is a disease that a fifth of the population shall suffer once in a lifetime. Recent clinical guidelines have proposed some fundamental changes in the diagnosis and treatment of urticaria, making the development of a national, multidisciplinary guideline, with wide acceptability among different professional groups –both specialists and primary health care workers–, necessary in Mexico

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

El surgimiento de "lo económico": Acción y orden social dentro de la tradición económica

The article analyses and gives account of the process of constitution of economic field as an independent domain, endowed with an inner coherence of its own, which permits the delimitation of a particular object of study and consequently the emergence of a specific discipline to deal with it: economic science. This process is important to sociology as long as it allows tracking the origin of the solution that traditional economics gives to one of the main problems of sociology, namely, the link between social action and economic order. The paper addresses the independence of economic domain following and broadening the three-author scheme proposed by Dumont (1999), with special attention to the progressive configuration of a particular notion of human action –the homo oeconomicus– and a specific concept of social order in close relation to it –a spontaneous order based on mutual benefits–.El artículo analiza y da cuenta del proceso de constitución de lo económico como un dominio independiente, dotado de una coherencia interna que le es propia, que permite la delimitación de un objeto de estudio particular y consecuentemente el surgimiento de una disciplina específica que lo aborde: la ciencia económica. Este proceso es importante para la sociología en tanto permite rastrear el origen de la solución que la economía “tradicional, “ortodoxa” o “liberal” da a uno de los problemas fundantes de la disciplina sociológica, a saber, el del vínculo entre acción y orden social. Se aborda la autonomización de lo económico siguiendo y ampliando el esquema de tres autores propuesto por Dumont (1999), con especial atención en la configuración progresiva de una determinada concepción respecto del actuar humano –el homo oeconomicus– y de una noción particular del orden social en íntima conexión con él –un orden espontáneo de mercado basado en el beneficio mutuo–