Growth, heavy metal uptake, and photosynthesis in 'Paulsen 1103' (Vitis berlandieri x rupestris) grapevine rootstocks inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from vineyard soils with high copper contents

Soils in old vineyards in southern Brazil have high copper accumulation due to fungicide applications over the years, which can affect physiology and growth of young grapevine plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) alleviate toxic effects of metals and increase photosynthesis and plant growth. We evaluated whether inoculation with Rhizophagus clarus (Rh) from a mining area or with a trap-culture-enriched AMF community (Tc) isolated from a high-copper vineyard soil, improved growth and photosynthesis in grapevine rootstocks planted in young (< 10 years) and old (> 60 years) vineyards soils of Vale da Uva Goethe, SC, Brazil. Mycorrhizal colonization was higher in grapevines installed in young vineyard soil than those planted in old vineyard soil. Plants grew more in the old vineyard soil than in the soil from a young vineyard, and that was related to plant nutrient concentration in the soil. In both soils, Tc-inoculated grapevines had higher photosynthetic activity, while those inoculated with R. clarus had higher carbon assimilation. In conclusion, grapevines showed a positive response to AMF inoculation in different soil conditions, and the native AMF community from high copper soils are promising for inoculation of grapevines

Plant Growth Stimulation and Root Colonization Potential of In Vivo versus In Vitro Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inocula

Inoculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, with growing use in horticulture, is produced mainly in two technically different cultivation systems: in vivo culture in symbiosis with living host plants or in vitro culture in which the fungus life cycle develops in association with transformed roots. To evaluate the effectiveness and the infectivity of a defined isolate obtained by both production methods, a replicated comparative evaluation experiment was designed using different propagules of Rhizophagus irregularis produced in vivo on leek plants or in vitro in monoxenic culture on transformed carrot roots. The size of the spores obtained under both cultivation methods was first assessed and bulk inoculum, spores, sievings, and mycorrhizal root fragments were used to inoculate leek plantlets. Spores produced in vitro were significantly smaller than those produced in vivo. Although all mycorrhizal propagules used as a source of inoculum were able to colonize plants, in all cases, leek plants inoculated with propagules obtained in vivo achieved significantly higher mycorrhizal colonization rates than plants inoculated with in vitro inocula. Inoculation with in vivo bulk inoculum and in vivo mycorrhizal root fragments were the only treatments increasing plant growth. These results indicate that the production system of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi itself can have implications in the stimulation of plant growth and in experimental results.We thank Dr. Christopher Walker for helpful advice on the taxonomy of the arbuscular mycorrhizas fungal isolate used in this work. We acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness MINECO grant AGL2010-15017. Paulo E. Lovato had a fellowship from CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasılia/DF–Brazil.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Proteomic studies of arbuscular mycorrhizal associations

SPEIPMArbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are soil-borne microorganisms forming mutualistic associations with the vast majority of land plants, including most agri- cultural relevant crops. In this association the plant provides the fungus with plant photosynthates allow- ing it to complete its life cycle, while the fungus pro- vides the plant with mineral nutrients, mainly phos- phorus and can also help the plant to tolerate biotic and abiotic stresses. In regard to these benefits there is growing interest on the use of AM fungi to improve productivity and sustainability in agricultural sys- tems. AM fungi and their interactions with plants have been extensively studied using proteomic tech- niques, but some difficulties have been faced. 1) Little is known about the AM fungal typical protein reper- toire because it is currently impossible to grow AM fungi in pure axenic cultures; 2) Plant tissues often contain high amounts of interfering substances that make protein extraction for the study of AM interac- tions a difficult procedure; 3) Most nutrient ex- changes between AM fungi and their host plants in- volve participation of membrane proteins, still poorly resolved in most separation techniques. Finally, 4) the formation of the arbuscule is an asynchronous pro- cess, making it difficult to distinguish which proteins are essential in the early or late stages of AM associa- tions. In this review we present a historical summary of how these difficulties have been overcome by tech- nological advances in proteomics and we discuss cur- rent and future trends in the study of the proteins involved in AM interactions

Resistência a antibióticos e fungicidas associada com a capacidade simbiótica de estirpes de Rhizobium Phaseoli

Experiments with Phaseolus vulgaris L. grown in sand irrigated with N-free nutrient solution were conducted to evaluate the mutagenic stability, infectivity, and N2-fixing ability of R. phaseoli spontaneous mutants resistant to antibiotics and fungicides. There were variations on resistance levels among the Rhizobium strains to the different biocides. Loss of infective ability or decrease in efficiency for N2 fixation observed for several mutants were not related to the type of antibiotic and fungicide nor to the different concentration used. Some mutant strains exhibited a higher N2-fixing ability when compared to SEMIA 487 and SEMIA 492 which are being used by inoculant manufacturers. The mutant SEMIA 4002-ST1 was mutagenically stable. The results support the idea about the possibility of using spontaneous mutants in ecological of Rhizobium as long as they have mutagenic stability and have no cross-resistance to the antibiotics.Desenvolveu-se a presente pesquisa com feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) em areia irrigada com solução nutritiva sem presença de N, visando verificar a estabilidade mutagênica, a intectividade e a capacidade de fixar N2 por parte dos mutantes espontâneos de R. phaseoli resistentes a antibióticos e fungicidas. Houve variações nos níveis de resistência entre as estirpes aos diferentes biocidas utilizados. Perdas na capacidade infectiva ou fixadora de N2 dos mutantes de R. phaseoli não estiveram relacionadas com o tipo de antibióticos ou fungicidas, e nem com as concentrações utilizadas. Algumas estirpes mostraram mais capacidade de fixação de N2, em comparação com SEMIA 487 e SEMIA 492, atualmente incluídas entre as estirpes recomendadas aos fabricantes de inoculantes. O mutante SEMIA 4002-ST1 apresentou-se mutagenicamente estável. Os resultados confirmam as proposições quanto à viabilidade de utilização de mutantes em estudos ecológicos de Rhizobium, desde que estes mantenham suas características mutagênicas e não apresentem resistência cruzada aos antibióticos

IMPACT OF THE NEW BRAZILIAN FORESTRY CODE ON THE ADEQUACY OF SMALL FARM HOUSEHOLDS TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

Os efeitos do novo C\uf3digo Florestal Brasileiro (CFB) - Lei Federal 12.651/2012 - foram avaliados em rela\ue7\ue3o \ue0 adequa\ue7\ue3o de unidades familiares de produ\ue7\ue3o conduzidas em sistema de produ\ue7\ue3o org\ue2nico (SPO) ou convencional (SPC). Foram estudadas 17 propriedades rurais do territ\uf3rio Portal da Amaz\uf4nia, quantificando-se as \ue1reas totais, de preserva\ue7\ue3o permanente (APP) e de reserva legal (RL), usando-se o Sistema de Informa\ue7\ue3o Geogr\ue1fica (SIG). Compararam-se os resultados com o que \ue9 exigido para o bioma Amaz\uf4nia pelo novo CFB. A maior parte das propriedades avaliadas n\ue3o apresentou o m\uednimo exigido para as \ue1reas de RL e APP (nascentes e margem de c\uf3rregos). As propriedades em SPO apresentaram melhores resultados em rela\ue7\ue3o \ue0quelas conduzidas em SPC quanto \ue0 manuten\ue7\ue3o da vegeta\ue7\ue3o nativa nas APPs, al\ue9m de um maior percentual de remanescentes florestais compondo a RL das propriedades. Tendo em vista consolida\ue7\ue3o das \ue1reas desmatadas anteriormente a 22/07/2008, previstas no novo CFB, todas as dezessete propriedades sanaram seus passivos ambientais do ponto de vista da legisla\ue7\ue3o brasileira atual para RL. No caso das APPs, todas as nove propriedades em SPO sanaram seus passivos ambientais, enquanto que no SPC isso ocorreu em quatro das sete avaliadas.In order to evaluate the effects of Brazil\u2019s new Forest Code on the legal status of farm households, 17 farms, located in Portal da Amazonia territory, northern Mato Grosso state, and managed in either conventional specialized farm (CPS) or organic (OPS) production systems were studied. The total area per farm, as well as the surfaces of legal reserve units and preservation areas were measured by using Geographic Information System (GIS), to allow a comparison of these data with legal requirements for the Amazon Region. Most of the small farm households did not comply with the required percentages of land for Legal Reserve (LR) and Permanent Preservation Areas (PPA), in the latter case regarding riparian areas and areas for protection of water sources. Farms under OPS showed better results regarding preservation of native vegetation as well as higher percentages of forest remnants in their LR. Considering the amnesties and exemptions established by the New Forest Code, most farms have complied with the terms and requirements of current Brazilian environmental regulations

USING INDICATORS BASED ON BRAZILIAN ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS FOR ANALYSIS OF FAMILY FARMS IN THE AMAZON REGION

There is an ongoing discussion about the effects of the new Brazilian forestry code (BFC) \u2013 Federal Law # 12.651 (BRASIL, 2012) \u2013 on the adequacy of small family farms, in terms of environmental degradation and recovery of forestry areas or regarding the possibilities of sustainable management of Permanent Preservation (PPA) or Legal Reserve (RL) areas. The aim of this work was to select and apply environmental evaluation indicators to analyze the environmental performance of small family farms, considering alternatives that the farmers should follow to comply with the laws and not to commit environmental crimes, in accordance with the Brazilian environmental legislation. We established environmental evaluation indicators taken from Brazilian environmental law parameters, which were tested in family farms with organic (SPO) or conventional (SPC) management systems. The organic family farms presented better results in terms of environmental evaluation indicators, either on APP or on RL areas Preservationist management was predominat on LR and on APP, in organic and in conventional production systems, and there were only a few occurrences of agroforestry systems or non-timber forest managements. The environmental evaluation indicators designed from aspects of Brazilian environmental law showed to be an efficient, practical and inexpensive tool to help technicians and farmers to identify positive situations of compliance to Brazilian environmental laws.Os efeitos do novo C\uf3digo Florestal Brasileiro (CFB) - Lei Federal n. 12.651 (BRASIL, 2012) - ainda est\ue3o sendo avaliados e discutidos quanto \ue0 adequa\ue7\ue3o de propriedades rurais \ue0 legisla\ue7\ue3o ambiental, tanto nas quest\uf5es de recupera\ue7\ue3o de \ue1reas degradadas quanto em rela\ue7\ue3o \ue0s possibilidades de uso sustent\ue1vel das \ue1reas de preserva\ue7\ue3o permanente (APP) e de Reserva Legal (RL). O objetivo do trabalho foi construir e aplicar indicadores ambientais de avalia\ue7\ue3o para verificar o desempenho ambiental de propriedades rurais familiares, considerando alternativas que o produtor deve seguir para se adequar \ue0s legisla\ue7\uf5es ambientais e, tamb\ue9m, verificando as condutas favor\ue1veis ao n\ue3o cometimento de infra\ue7\uf5es ou crimes ambientais. Foram estabelecidos indicadores ambientais de avalia\ue7\ue3o propostos a partir de par\ue2metros da legisla\ue7\ue3o, os quais foram utilizados na an\ue1lise de propriedades rurais conduzidas sob sistemas de produ\ue7\ue3o org\ue2nica (SPO) ou convencional (SPC). As propriedades rurais conduzidas em SPO apresentaram melhores resultados quanto aos indicadores ambientais de avalia\ue7\ue3o tanto das \ue1reas de RL quanto das APPs, predominando o car\ue1ter essencialmente preservacionista nas propriedades rurais. Houve baixa ocorr\ueancia de casos de manejo agroflorestal ou agroextrativismo tanto nas \ue1reas de RL quanto de APP das propriedades rurais avaliadas nos dois sistemas de produ\ue7\ue3o. Os indicadores ambientais constru\ueddos a partir da legisla\ue7\ue3o ambiental demonstraram ser uma ferramenta eficiente, pr\ue1tica e de baixo custo, para os t\ue9cnicos e agricultores assim como na identifica\ue7\ue3o de situa\ue7\uf5es positivas de manejo em rela\ue7\ue3o \ue0 adequa\ue7\ue3o \ue0s leis ambientais

Atributos químicos do solo em áreas de vinhedos na região sul do estado de Santa Catarina

The objective of this work was to evaluate changes in the soil chemical properties and the critical environmental limit for phosphorus (CEL-P) in vineyards, in the southern region of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Soil samples were collected at 0–5, 5–10, 10–20, and 20–40 cm soil depths, in vineyards aged 22, 36, and 60 years, and in the area of an adjacent native forest. The following parameters were analyzed: granulometry, pH in water, and exchangeable Al levels, to obtain potential acidity and Al saturation; and available levels of P and K, and exchangeable levels of Ca and Mg, to determine base saturation, cation exchange capacity; and soil organic matter (SOM). In comparison with the forest soil, the vineyard soils showed increased pH values, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, and SOM levels, and base saturation, as well reduced Al saturation, with more accentuated effects in areas with the longest cultivation time. The vineyards show changes in soil chemical properties with time and P levels above the CEL-P, at least in one of the soil layers.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alterações nas propriedades químicas do solo e o limite crítico ambiental para o fósforo (LCA-P), em vinhedos da região sul do estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Amostras de solo foram coletadas às profundidades do solo 0–5, 5–10, 10–20 e 20–40 cm, em vinhedos com 22, 36 e 60 anos de idade, e em uma área de mata nativa adjacente utilizada como referência. Os seguintes parâmetros foram analisados: granulometria, pH em água, e teores trocáveis de Al, para cálculo de acidez potencial e saturação por Al; e teores disponíveis de P e K e teores trocáveis de Ca e Mg, para determinação de saturação por bases, capacidade de troca de cátions e matéria orgânica do solo (MOS). Em comparação ao solo da mata, os solos dos vinhedos apresentaram aumento nos valores de pH, nos níveis de P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn e MOS, e na saturação por bases, além de redução na saturação de Al, com efeitos mais acentuados nas áreas com maior tempo de cultivo. Os vinhedos da região sul de Santa Catarina apresentam alterações nas propriedades químicas do solo, com o tempo, e teores de P acima do LCA-P, pelo menos em uma das camadas do solo

Calagem como forma de redução da toxidez por cobre em aveia preta

Soils which are cultivated with grapevines have high available copper (Cu) content, which can be toxic to cover crops cohabiting vineyards, such as black oats. This study aimed to assess the effect of liming in reducing Cu toxicity in black oats grown in sandy soils. Samples of a Typic Hapludalf were collected at 0-20cm, dried and subjected to the addition of Cu (0 to 50Mg kg-1) and limestone (0, 1.5, and 3.0Mg ha-1). The soil was placed in a rhizobox and black oats were grown for 30 days. We assessed root and shoot dry matter production, copper (Cu), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) contents in the tissues; Cu content in the root symplast and apoplast, as well as Cu, carbon and pH values in the rhizosphere and bulk soil. Liming reduced Cu toxicity in black oats. Cu was preferentially accumulated in the roots, mostly in the apoplast, which may be the result of a plant tolerance mechanism to prevent the transport of Cu to the shoots. Key words: heavy metal, phytotoxicity, limestone, rhizosphere.Solos cultivados com videiras possuem alto teor de cobre (Cu) disponível, que pode ser tóxico às plantas de cobertura do solo que coabitam vinhedos, como a aveia preta. O estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito da calagem na redução da toxidez por Cu em plantas de aveia preta cultivadas em solo arenoso. Amostras de um Argissolo Vermelho foram coletadas na camada de 0-20cm, secas e submetidas à adição de duas doses de Cu (0 e 50Mg kg-1) e três de calcário (0, 1,5 e 3,0Mg ha-1). O solo foi acondicionado em rhizobox e submetido ao cultivo de aveia preta durante 30 dias. Avaliaram-se a produção de matéria seca das raízes e da parte aérea, o teor de cobre (Cu), cálcio (Ca) e magnésio (Mg) nos tecidos; o teor de Cu no simplasto e apoplasto das raízes, e os teores de Cu, de carbono e valores de pH no solo rizosférico e não rizosférico. A aplicação de calcário reduziu a toxidez por Cu na aveia preta. O Cu foi preferencialmente acumulado nas raízes, especialmente no apoplasto, o que pode ser resultado de mecanismo de tolerância das plantas para evitar o transporte de parte do elemento para a parte aérea

INTERFERÊNCIA DE PLANTAS DE COBERTURA SOBRE A INCIDÊNCIA DE PLANTAS INVASORAS E A PRODUÇÃO DE CEBOLA SOB SISTEMA DE PLANTIO DIRETO

Mesmo com expectativas de expansão das áreas agrícolas brasileiras sob sistema de plantio direto (SPD), são poucos os trabalhos sobre o controle de plantas invasoras sem o uso de herbicidas, principalmente na produção de hortaliças, como a cebola. Para tanto, culturas utilizadas para cobertura do solo se mostram eficientes no controle do desenvolvimento de plantas invasoras através da inibição física e/ou alelopática. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar diferentes espécies de cobertura do solo, em sistemas em monocultivo ou consorciados, no controle de plantas invasoras e a sua interferência na produção de cebola sob SPD em transição agroecológica. O experimento foi instalado na Estação Experimental da Epagri em Ituporanga (SC), em um Cambissolo Húmico. Os tratamentos foram: T1: testemunha (vegetação invasora); T2: aveia preta (Avena strigosa); T3: centeio (Secale cereale); T4: nabo-forrageiro (Raphanus sativus); T5: consócio de nabo-forrageiro e centeio; T6: consórcio de nabo-forrageiro e aveia preta. Os tratamentos nabo-forrageiro e nabo-forrageiro + centeio aos 60 dias após a semeadura (DAS) e centeio e nabo-forrageiro + centeio aos 120 DAS propiciaram a maior produção de matéria seca de plantas de cobertura, enquanto a menor produção de matéria seca de plantas invasoras foi obtida nos tratamentos nabo-forrageiro + centeio, seguido de nabo-forrageiro no início do ciclo da cebola. A maior produção de bulbos de cebola da classe 3 (50mm≤ᶲ˂70mm) e total, em relação à testemunha, também foi obtida nestes dois tratamentos

Plant Growth Stimulation and Root Colonization Potential of In Vivo versus In Vitro Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inocula

Inoculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, with growing use in horticulture, is produced mainly in two technically different cultivation systems: in vivo culture in symbiosis with living host plants or in vitro culture in which the fungus life cycle develops in association with transformed roots. To evaluate the effectiveness and the infectivity of a defined isolate obtained by both production methods, a replicated comparative evaluation experiment was designed using different propagules of Rhizophagus irregularis produced in vivo on leek plants or in vitro in monoxenic culture on transformed carrot roots. The size of the spores obtained under both cultivation methods was first assessed and bulk inoculum, spores, sievings, and mycorrhizal root fragments were used to inoculate leek plantlets. Spores produced in vitro were significantly smaller than those produced in vivo. Although all mycorrhizal propagules used as a source of inoculum were able to colonize plants, in all cases, leek plants inoculated with propagules obtained in vivo achieved significantly higher mycorrhizal colonization rates than plants inoculated with in vitro inocula. Inoculation with in vivo bulk inoculum and in vivo mycorrhizal root fragments were the only treatments increasing plant growth. These results indicate that the production system of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi itself can have implications in the stimulation of plant growth and in experimental results.We thank Dr. Christopher Walker for helpful advice on the taxonomy of the arbuscular mycorrhizas fungal isolate used in this work. We acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness MINECO grant AGL2010-15017. Paulo E. Lovato had a fellowship from CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasılia/DF–Brazil.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio