Profile of Economic Units on the Manufacturing Sector: An Approach in the Case of Mexico

The aim of the study was to identify factors which describe the profile of economic units (EUs) in Mexico. For this purpose, were consulted the databases of the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare (MLSW, “Secretaría del trabajo y Previsión Social” - STPS, Mexico) and the National Institute of Statistic, Geography and Informatics (NISGI, “Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática” - INEGI, Mexico), as institutions responsible for carry out officially, the application of surveys through the National Survey on Employment, Wages, Technology and Training in the manufacturing sector (NSEWTT, “Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Salarios, Tecnología y Capacitación” - ENESTYC, Mexico). With the capture of these surveys by the institutions responsible, subsequently allow us determine the factors which describe the profile of the economic units. With this research we identified eight factors, which describe the profile of the economic units, being these: Establishment’s characteristics (F1), Production and organization (F2), Market (F4), Quality control and technology (F5), Employment Forms (F6), Salaries (F7), Training and Health and safety (F8). DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4p2

El proceso de restauración en Uxmal: el caso del Palacio del Gobernador

La gran cantidad de edificios prehispánicos con arquitectura en pie que se encuentran en la región Puuc propició que, desde principios del siglo XX, se realicen esfuerzos por conservarlos y devolverles la estabilidad. La calidad estética de estos monumentos requiere que los arqueólogos nos interesemos en mejorar las técnicas de recuperación de datos que nos permitan reintegrar, de manera científica, los magníficos frisos que engalanaban las fachadas. El método que empleamos para recuperar la información que nos permite devolver a los edificios las partes que se han colapsado inicia con la documentación de la historia del edificio, desde que fue reportado por viajeros o aficionados que dejaron descripciones o ilustraciones de la construcción, pasando por las fotografías antiguas y planos, hasta llegar a las intervenciones que ha tenido. Posteriormente, realizamos el diagnóstico de deterioros y el reconocimiento del derrumbe para, finalmente, plantear el proyecto de intervención. En la última etapa hacemos énfasis en el proceso de excavación de los derrumbes, lo que nos ha permitido recuperar piezas caídas ordenadas de muros, bóvedas y frisos y, además, nos proporciona la información de los procesos constructivos, que guiarán la fase de consolidación y reintegración de elementos. Si bien, la estereotomía de las piedras que conforman los edificios Puuc facilita su restauración, estos procedimientos son útiles para cualquier clase de patrimonio edificado

Fabrication and characterization of polyethersulfone nanocomposite membranes for the removal of endocrine disrupting micropollutants from wastewater. Mechanisms and performance

Producción CientíficaThe addition of carbon nanotubes to improves the removal and adsorption of endocrine disrupting micropollutants (bisphenol A and nonylphenol). Increasing the SWCNT (single walled carbon nanotubes) content increases removal and diminishes reversible and irreversible fouling. The isoelectric point of the SWCNT containing membranes decreases when the content of nanotubes increases with more negative charges at alkaline pH. Because, the nanotube loaded membranes are also less hydrophilic and bisphenol and nonylphenol are hydrophobous, adsorption plays a key role in the removal of micropollutants. An increase in the transmembrane applied pressure decreases the removal and more steeply for the membranes containing more SWCNT. Higher porosities, leading to higher water permeabilities, are also obtained for more loaded membranes. Too high SWCNT contents lead to a saturation and decrease of removal probably because high porosities lead to a decrease in adsorption due to both a decrease in the available surface and a sweeping action of convection through the membrane.Junta de Castilla y León (programa de apoyo a proyectos de investigación – Ref. VA302U13

A systems biology approach to the characterization of stress response in Dermacentor reticulatus tick unfed larvae

[Background]: Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabricius, 1794) is distributed in Europe and Asia where it infests and transmits disease-causing pathogens to humans, pets and other domestic and wild animals. However, despite its role as a vector of emerging or re-emerging diseases, very little information is available on the genome, transcriptome and proteome of D. reticulatus. Tick larvae are the first developmental stage to infest hosts, acquire infection and transmit pathogens that are transovarially transmitted and are exposed to extremely stressing conditions. In this study, we used a systems biology approach to get an insight into the mechanisms active in D. reticulatus unfed larvae, with special emphasis on stress response. [Principal Findings]: The results support the use of paired end RNA sequencing and proteomics informed by transcriptomics (PIT) for the analysis of transcriptomics and proteomics data, particularly for organisms such as D. reticulatus with little sequence information available. The results showed that metabolic and cellular processes involved in protein synthesis were the most active in D. reticulatus unfed larvae, suggesting that ticks are very active during this life stage. The stress response was activated in D. reticulatus unfed larvae and a Rickettsia sp. similar to R. raoultii was identified in these ticks. [Significance]: The activation of stress responses in D. reticulatus unfed larvae likely counteracts the negative effect of temperature and other stress conditions such as Rickettsia infection and favors tick adaptation to environmental conditions to increase tick survival. These results show mechanisms that have evolved in D. reticulatus ticks to survive under stress conditions and suggest that these mechanisms are conserved across hard tick species. Targeting some of these proteins by vaccination may increase tick susceptibility to natural stress conditions, which in turn reduce tick survival and reproduction, thus reducing tick populations and vector capacity for tick-borne pathogens.This research was supported by grants BFU2011-23896 and the EU FP7 ANTIGONE project number 278976. M. Popara is an Early Stage Researcher supported by the POSTICK ITN (Post-graduate training network for capacity building to control ticks and tick-borne diseases) within the FP7- PEOPLE – ITN programme (EU Grant No. 238511). N. Ayllón and R.C. Galindo were funded by MEC, Spain.Peer Reviewe

Avaliação de uma intervenção educativa de enfermaria para cuidadores primários de pacientes crônicos

Regularly, the primary caregivers of chronically ill patients become the “invisible ill”, to the extent that the attention and care are mostly focused on the sick patiente, violating physical, emotional, spiritual and economic aspects of the caregiver. This project analizes the results obtained from the implementation of an educational intervention program aimed at 19 primary caregivers of people with chronic disease, in six delegations from the city of Toluca, State of Mexico. It was a descriptive study with a qualitative methodological approach. It was carried out in three stages: diagnosis, intervention and evaluation. In order to provide the educational program, home visits were performed using the log field. The program consisted of three modules, being imparted in workshops to the 19 caregivers, with informed consent prior to the program. The results were the following: Caregivers expressed that they had acquired knowledge required for the care of their family, the dynamics allowed them to recognize strengths, weaknesses, fears, insecurities and frustrations; they said they were satisfied with the support and guidance of the health team that participated. It can be said that to be a primary caregiver for a chronically ill person is an experience that transforms life and requires knowledge, courage and patience to perform their duties skillfully; these gratification may also be increased if you receive guidance from nursesEs frecuente que los cuidadores principales de enfermos crónicos se conviertan en el “enfermo invisible”, en la medida en que la atención y el cuidado están mayormente enfocados en el paciente, lo cual vulnera aspectos físicos, emocionales, espirituales y económicos de la persona que cuida. El objetivo de este estudio descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo es evaluar los resultados de implementar un programa educativo de intervención dirigido a 19 cuidadores principales de personas con enfermedad crónica, en seis delegaciones de la ciudad de Toluca, Estado de México. El estudio se desarrolló en tres etapas: diagnóstico, intervención y evaluación. Para impartir el programa educativo se realizaron visitas domiciliarias que se registraron en la bitácora de campo. El programa denominado Cuidando a Cuidadores, se basa en los tres indicadores propuestos por Nkongho: conocimiento, valor y paciencia. Consta de tres módulos, y en cada uno se realizaron tres tallerescon los 19 cuidadores, previo consentimiento informado. Los participantes expresaron haber adquirido conocimientos necesarios para el cuidado de su familiar; las dinámicas les permitieron reconocer fortalezas, debilidades, miedos, inseguridades y frustraciones; además, manifestaron sentirse satisfechos con el acompañamiento y guía del equipo de salud que participó. Se puede afirmar que ser cuidador principal de un enfermo crónico es una experiencia que transforma la vida y requiere conocimiento, valor y paciencia para ejercer su tarea de manera hábil; esto puede incrementarse si se recibe orientación por parte de los profesionales de enfermeríaMuitas vezes, os cuidadores primários de pacientes crônicos se tornam o “paciente invisível”, na medida em que a atenção e os cuidados são principalmente focados no doente, violando aspectos físicos, emocionais, espirituais e econômicos do cuidador. Este projeto aborda os resultados obtidos na implementação de um programa de intervenção educacional voltado para 19 cuidadores primários de pessoas com doença crónica, em seis delegações da cidade de Toluca, Estado do México. O estudo era realizado em três etapas: diagnóstico, intervenção e avaliação. A fim de orientar sobre o programa educativo, foram realizadas visitas domiciliares, utilizando o diário de campo. O programa consistiu de três módulos, conferindo-se oficinas aos 19 cuidadores, com prévio consentimento informado. Os cuidadores expressaram ter adquirido conhecimentos necessários para o cuidado de seu familiar e as dinâmica lhes permitiram reconhecer forças, fraquezas, medos, inseguranças e frustrações. Eles disseram que estavam satisfeitos com o apoio e orientação da equipe de saúde que participou. Pode-se dizer que ser o cuidador primário de um paciente crónico é uma experiência que transforma a vida e exige conhecimento, coragem e paciência para exercer as suas funções com habilidade, podendo se aperfeiçoar se receber a orientação de profissionais de enfermagem

Expression of early growth response gene-2 and regulated cytokines correlate with recovery from Guillain-Barré syndrome

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an immune-mediated peripheral neuropathy. The goal of this research was the identification of biomarkers associated with recovery from GBS. In this study, we compared the transcriptome of PBMCs from a GBS patient and her healthy twin to discover possible correlates of disease progression and recovery. The study was then extended using GBS and spinal cord injury unrelated patients with similar medications and healthy individuals. The early growth response gene-2 (EGR2) was upregulated in GBS patients during disease recovery. The results provided evidence for the implication of EGR2 in GBS and suggested a role for EGR2 in the regulation of IL-17, IL-22, IL-28A, and TNF-ß cytokines in GBS patients. These results identified biomarkers associated with GBS recovery and suggested that EGR2 overexpression has a pivotal role in the downregulation of cytokines implicated in the pathophysiology of this acute neuropathy.This work was supported partially by European Union Framework Program 7 Antigone Project 278976. L.M.-H. was supported by a fellowship from the University of Castilla La Mancha (UCLM). M.V. was supported by the research plan of the UCLM.Peer Reviewe

uncovering differences during Ehrlichia canis infection

The tick vector Rhipicephalus sanguineus is established as a complex of closely related species with high veterinary-medical significance, in which the presence of different genetic, morphological, and biological traits has resulted in the recognition of different lineages within taxa. One of the most striking differences in the "temperate" and "tropical" lineages of R. sanguineus (s.l.) is the vector competence to Ehrlichia canis, suggesting that these ticks tolerate and react differently to pathogen infection. The present study addresses the SG and MG proteome of the R. sanguineus tropical and temperate lineages and compares their proteomic profile during E. canis infection. Batches of nymphs from the two lineages were allowed to feed on naïve and experimentally E. canis infected dogs and after molting, adults were dissected, and salivary glands and midgut tissues separated. Samples were screened for the presence of E. canis before proteomic analyses. The representation of the proteins identified in infected and non-infected tissues of each lineage was compared and gene ontology used for protein classification. Results highlight important differences in those proteomic profiles that added to previous reported genetic, biological, behavioral, and morphological differences, strengthening the hypothesis of the existence of two different species. Comparing infected and non-infected tissues, the results show that, while in midgut tissues the response to E. canis infection is similar in the salivary glands, the two lineages show a different pattern of protein representation. Focusing on the proteins found only in the infected condition, the data suggests that the cement cone produced during tick feeding may be implicated in pathogen infection. This study adds useful information to the debate on the controversial R. sanguineus systematic status, to the discussion related with the different vectorial competence occurring between the two lineages and identifies potential targets for efficient tick and tick-borne disease control.publishersversionpublishe

Blood Lead Secular Trend in a Cohort of Children in Mexico City (1987–2002)

We determined the secular trend in blood lead levels in a cohort of 321 children born in Mexico City between 1987 and 1992. Blood lead level was measured every 6 months during a 10-year period. We modeled the effect of yearly air lead concentration nested within the calendar year in which the child was born, family use of lead-glazed pottery, socioeconomic status, year in which the child was born, age of the child at the time of blood lead measurement, place of residence, and an indicator variable for subjects with complete or incomplete blood lead values. The yearly mean of air lead of the Valley of Mexico decreased from its highest level of 2.80 μg/m(3) in 1987 to 0.07 μg/m(3) in 2002. The contribution of air lead to blood lead according to year of birth was strongest for subjects born in 1987 and fell to nearly zero for children born in 1992. The geometric mean of the entire cohort rose from 8.4 μg/dL in the first year of life to 10.1 μg/dL in the second and decreased thereafter until it reached 6.4 μg/dL at 10 years of age. Children of families who used lead-glazed ceramics had blood lead levels 18.5% higher than did children of nonusing families. Children who belonged to the lowest socioeconomic levels had blood lead levels 32.2% higher than did those of highest socioeconomic levels. Children who lived in the northeast part of the city had blood lead levels 10.9% higher compared with those who lived in the southwest

Modelo de los determinantes de la actitud hacia la rehidratación

Las políticas de salud suponen que el factor clave de sus programas preventivos está en la participación de la gente respecto a su rehidratación, porque esta se considera un instrumento de prevención de las enfermedades crónicas degenerativas, que han incrementado su tasa de morbilidad recientemente. En tal sentido, el objetivo del presente trabajo es establecer un modelo de las relaciones causales entre factores sociodemográficos y cognitivos relativos al consumo de bebidas. Para tal propósito, se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal y correlacional con una muestra de 100 afiliados a un hospital público. A partir de un modelo estructural (X2 = 163.873, 28 gl, p = .000; GFI = .875; AGFI = .840; PGF = .681; RMSEA = .027; RMR = .066), se estableció que la edad determinó negativamente la actitud hacia la rehidratación (β = -.22) mientras que las creencias de rehidratación grupal (CRG) incidieron de manera positiva (β= ,47.). En el marco de las teorías actitudinales, se discutió la inclusión de las normas y percepciones como sus determinantes

New aromatic polyamides and polyimides having an adamantine bulky group

Producción CientíficaThis paper reports the synthesis and characterization of a new rigid diamine monomer, having a spiro carbon moiety and an adamantane bulky group in its structure; namely spiro-(adamantane-2,9′(2',7'-diamino)-fluorene) (SADAF). After its synthesis, using a straightforward methodology, a novel family of aromatic polyimides (PIs) and polyamides (PAs) has been attained by reaction of SADAF with three aromatic dianhydrides and two diacid chlorides, respectively. Two of the polyimides were obtained through the formation of the corresponding polyamic acid and subsequent thermal cycloimidization, whereas the other one, the polyimide from SADAF and 2,2-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA), could be synthesized by chemical imidization from the polyamic precursor. Regarding polyamides, two new ones, made from SADAF and isophthaloyl chloride (IPC) and the diacid chloride of 2,2-bis(4-carboxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane (6FC) could be obtained. All the polymers showed high Tg, above 350 ºC, and excellent thermal resistance, with onset degradation temperatures higher than 450 ºC. Polymers formed by the combination of SADAF with 6FDA and 6FC were prepared as dense films with good mechanical properties and their permselectivity properties were measured.Junta de Castilla y León (programa de apoyo a proyectos de investigación – Ref. VA302U13