Lagdelt indholdsstruktur i selvstændige ytringer og direkte og indirekte ytringsgengivelse

Based in Danish Functionel Linguistics, this article presents a unified analysis of semantic similarities and differences between i) the Danish main-clause types declarative, interrogative and imperative, which are argued to code resp. assertions, polar questions and directive speech acts, and ii) independent main clauses and the two types of clauses – dependent main clauses and complement clauses – which are used to report utterances directly and indirectly, respectively. It is argued i) that independent main clauses possess the layers illocutionary neustic, illocutionary tropic, state-of-affairs, and – in the case of declaratives and interrogatives – proposition, ii) that dependent main clauses lack an illocutionary neustic, and iii) that complement clauses in addition lack an illocutionary tropic

Proteome analysis of Aspergillus niger: Lactate added in starch-containing medium can increase production of the mycotoxin fumonisin B2 by modifying acetyl-CoA metabolism

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Aspergillus niger </it>is a filamentous fungus found in the environment, on foods and feeds and is used as host for production of organic acids, enzymes and proteins. The mycotoxin fumonisin B₂was recently found to be produced by <it>A. niger </it>and hence very little is known about production and regulation of this metabolite. Proteome analysis was used with the purpose to reveal how fumonisin B₂production by <it>A. niger </it>is influenced by starch and lactate in the medium.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Fumonisin B₂production by <it>A. niger </it>was significantly increased when lactate and starch were combined in the medium. Production of a few other <it>A. niger </it>secondary metabolites was affected similarly by lactate and starch (fumonisin B₄, orlandin, desmethylkotanin and pyranonigrin A), while production of others was not (ochratoxin A, ochratoxin alpha, malformin A, malformin C, kotanin, aurasperone B and tensidol B). The proteome of <it>A. niger </it>was clearly different during growth on media containing 3% starch, 3% starch + 3% lactate or 3% lactate. The identity of 59 spots was obtained, mainly those showing higher or lower expression levels on medium with starch and lactate. Many of them were enzymes in primary metabolism and other processes that affect the intracellular level of acetyl-CoA or NADPH. This included enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway, pyruvate metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, ammonium assimilation, fatty acid biosynthesis and oxidative stress protection.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Lactate added in a medium containing nitrate and starch can increase fumonisin B₂production by <it>A. niger </it>as well as production of some other secondary metabolites. Changes in the balance of intracellular metabolites towards a higher level of carbon passing through acetyl-CoA and a high capacity to regenerate NADPH during growth on medium with starch and lactate were found to be the likely cause of this effect. The results lead to the hypothesis that fumonisin production by <it>A. niger </it>is regulated by acetyl-CoA.</p

Levels of circulating insulin cell-free DNA in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome:a longitudinal cohort study

Correlations between clinical measurements and unmethylated and methylated INScfDNA at baseline and at follow-up. (XLSX 14 kb

Heritage sites, value and wellbeing : learning from the COVID-19 pandemic in England

The COVID-19 lockdown of society in 2020 deprived people of access to many heritage sites. This made the public uniquely aware of why they visited heritage sites and what they valued about the visits, once heritage sites reopened. In particular, regaining access framed visits in terms of personal agency and wellbeing. Notions of capability, social connections, ontological security, and trust–all important elements of wellbeing–were widely shared values. Heritage sites also offered distinct opportunities for combining hedonic (subjective) and eudaimonic (psychological) wellbeing effects. While heritage value cannot be reduced to wellbeing effects, we suggest that constructive awareness of how these effects may be generated can enhance the outcome of visits to heritage sites

Hyperandrogenism and Metabolic Syndrome Are Associated With Changes in Serum-Derived microRNAs in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) remains one of the most common endocrine disorder in premenopausal women with an unfavorable metabolic risk profile. Here, we investigate whether biochemical hyperandrogenism, represented by elevated serum free testosterone, resulted in an aberrant circulating microRNA (miRNAs) expression profile and whether miRNAs can identify those PCOS women with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Accordingly, we measured serum levels of miRNAs as well as biochemical markers related to MetS in a case-control study of 42 PCOS patients and 20 Controls. Patients were diagnosed based on the Rotterdam consensus criteria and stratified based on serum free testosterone levels (≥0.034 nmol/l) into either a normoandrogenic (n = 23) or hyperandrogenic (n = 19) PCOS group. Overall, hyperandrogenic PCOS women were more insulin resistant compared to normoandrogenic PCOS women and had a higher prevalence of MetS. A total of 750 different miRNAs were analyzed using TaqMan Low-Density Arrays. Altered levels of seven miRNAs (miR-485-3p, -1290, -21-3p, -139-3p, -361-5p, -572, and -143-3p) were observed in PCOS patients when compared with healthy Controls. Stratification of PCOS women revealed that 20 miRNAs were differentially expressed between the three groups. Elevated serum free testosterone levels, adjusted for age and BMI, were significantly associated with five miRNAs (miR-1290, -20a-5p, -139-3p, -433-3p, and -361-5p). Using binary logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC), a combination panel of three miRNAs (miR-361-5p, -1225-3p, and -34-3p) could correctly identify all of the MetS cases within the PCOS group. This study is the first to report comprehensive miRNA profiling in different subgroups of PCOS women with respect to MetS and suggests that circulating miRNAs might be useful as diagnostic biomarkers of MetS for a different subset of PCOS