Proteaser i mjölkråvara och mejeriprodukter

Enzymer i mejeriindustrin har stor betydelse under tillverkning av mejeriprodukter. Proteaser, en typ av enzym, hydrolyserar mjölkproteiner och kan bidra till positiva såväl som negativa effekter i mjölkråvara och slutprodukt. Proteaser kan ha olika verkan beroende på om de har ett endogent eller exogent ursprung. Endogena proteaser som plasmin och cathepsin D finns naturligt i mjölk. Dessa proteaser tas upp från blodet till juvret och vidare in i mjölken alternativt via läckage hos somatiska celler. Ett tredje proteas, kymosin, tillsätts däremot aktivt under osttillvekrning men förekommer ursprungligen naturligt i magen hos kalvar. Kymosin är alltså inte endogent i mjölken, däremot är det endogent hos en kalv och kommer i denna litteraturstudie därmed anses som ett endogent proteas. Endogena proteaser kan ha negativ verkan i mjölk med minskad avkastning, bismak eller sämre slutprodukt som resultat. De kan även bidra med positiva effekter i form av snabbare ostmognad, bättre textur och mer intensiva smaker. Exogena proteaser utsöndras av bakterier som kontaminerar mjölk via exempelvis dålig hygienpraxis under mjölkhanteringsrutiner. Psykotrofa bakterier så som Pseudomonas spp. samt Bacillus spp. kan bilda värmetåliga proteaser respektive sporer som båda överlever värmebehandling. Sporer kan i sin tur orsaka återkontaminering i mejeriprodukter. Enzymer utsöndrade av dessa bakterier kan orsaka bittra och härskna smaker, missfärgningar och gelbildning. Trots detta har proteaser med exogent ursprung även visat sig att ha positiva effekter då restprodukter från proteolysen, i form av aminosyror, kan vara gynnsamma för önskade bakterier som mjölksyrabakterier. Ökad användning och kunskap om proteaser kan bidra till större produktutbyte för mejeriindustrier. Det kan även leda till ökad kvalitet och längre hållbarhet av slutprodukter. Det möjliggör ett minskat matsvinn vilket vidare resulterar i miljömässiga och ekonomiska vinster.Enzymes in the dairy industry are of great importance during manufacture of dairy products. Proteases are enzymes that can hydrolyze milk proteins and thereby contribute both to positive and negative effects in a final product. Proteases can have different effects, depending on if they are of endogenous or exogenous origin. Proteases of endogenous origin, such as plasmin and cathepsin D occur naturally in milk and enter the milk through blood or somatic cells. However, the third protease, chymosin, is added to the milk during cheese manufacture. This protease does not occour naturally in milk, but is originally located in the stomach of calves. Hence, chymosin will in this literature research count as an endogenous protease. Endogenous proteases can have negative effects on milk which results in lower yield, off-flavors or lower quality of the end product. However, they can also contribute with positive effects, resulting in faster cheese ripening, better texture and more intense flavors. Proteases with exogenous origin are secreted from microorganisms that contaminate milk due to e.g. bad hygiene practice during milk handling. Psychotropic microorganisms such as Pseudomonas spp. can produce heat resistant proteases while Bacillus spp. can produce heat resistant spores. These proteases and spores can survive heat treatment during dairy manufacture. Furthermore, spores can recontaminate both milk and dairy products. Enzymes secreted from these microorganisms can cause bitter and rancid off-flavors, surface taints and gel formation. However, proteases with exogenous origin have also shown some positive effects since amino acids obtained from proteolysis might favor the growth of wanted lactic acid bacteria. By increasing the knowledge about the use of proteases, the dairy industry can be more efficient and produce high quality products with prolonged shelf-life. Consequently, this can result in financial profits as well as contribute to a better environment through reduced food waste

Mikrobiologisk överlevnad i mjölk under förvaring i frystemperaturer : en pilotstudie

Milk contains beneficial and non-beneficial bacteria which contribute with different outcomes to milk and dairy products. Beneficial bacteria are important during manufacturing while non-beneficial bacteria cause spoilage, food related outbreaks but also economical losses for the dairy industry. It is therefore important to control the survival of wanted and unwanted bacteria through microbial analyses. For this purpose, it would be beneficial if milk samples could be stored frozen for some time until analyses will be performed. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in ratio of milk microbiota during storage at two freezing temperatures, -20°C and -80°C, with respect to time. The hypothesis was that no change of milk microbiota would occur. The microbial community in the fresh milk was investigated directly after collection followed by once-a-week cultivation during eight weeks. Analysis was performed through pure culture streaking method both aerobically on Plate Count agar (PCA) and anaerobically on De Man Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar. Bacterial identification was performed using MALDI-TOF MS. Results revealed an effect of storage temperature, where the number of CFU/ml cultivated from milk samples stored at -80°C was higher than after storage at -20°C, irrespectively if bacteria were cultured on PCA or MRS. However, the effect was only significant for bacteria cultured on MRS. There was a significant effect of storage time on both aerobes and anaerobes when cultivating milk samples stored at -80°C and -20°C, respectively. However, for aerobes the difference between these two temperatures was not significant. The colony characterization by MALDI-TOF MS identified 14 different species from PCA and 9 species from MRS media. In conclusion, to maintain the original microbial community in milk during storage at freezing temperatures, storage of milk samples at -80°C is recommended.Mjölk innehåller bakterier som kan ha såväl en positiv respektive negativ inverkan på mjölk och mejeriprodukter. Fördelaktiga bakterier har en betydelsefull roll inom förädlingsprocesser medan ofördelaktiga bakterier kan orsaka livsmedelsrelaterade utbrott och förstörelse av mejeriprodukter och slutligen leda till ekonomiska förluster för mejeriindustrin. Följaktligen är det av stor vikt att utföra kontroller av både fördelaktiga och ofördelaktiga bakterier via mikrobiella analyser. I detta sammanhang vore det fördelaktigt om mjölkprover kunde förvaras frysta under en kortare tid tills analyserna kan genomföras. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka förändringar i mjölkens mikroflora över tid under förvaring i två frystemperaturer, -20°C och -80°C. Hypotesen var att ingen förändring i sammansättningen av mjölkens mikroflora skulle uppstå. Mikrofloran i den färska mjölken undersöktes direkt efter provtagningen med hjälp av odlingsbaserade metoder, och analyserna följde upp veckovis under åtta veckor. Mjölkprover odlades aerobt på Plate Count Agar (PCA) samt anaerobt på De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar. MALDI-TOF MS användes för identifiering av bakteriekolonier. Resultaten visade att antalet CFU/ml odlade från mjölkprover förvarade i -80°C var högre för båda bakterietyperna men att det högre antalet enbart var signifikant för anaeroba bakterier. Odlingarna visade en signifikant effekt av lagringstid för aeroba bakterier förvarade i -80°C respektive för anaeroba bakterier förvarade i -20°C. Däremot var skillnaden mellan de två temperaturerna inte signifikant för de aeroba bakterierna. MALDI-TOF MS kunde identifiera 14 olika arter från PCA- och 9 från MRS agar. Sammanfattningsvis rekommenderar studien att mjölkprover förvaras i -80°C för att bibehålla mjölkens mikroflora vid förvaring innan mikrobiella analyser genomförs

Is there a role for meaningful activity in stroke rehabilitation?

Purpose: Stroke survivors report multiple psychosocial issues after discharge and difficulties returning to meaningful roles and activities. This study explored the impact of an occupation-based group program on activity levels, well-being, and self-efficacy after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. Methods: This pilot study recruited participants from two hospital rehabilitation units. Both units provided individual therapy programs. Unit A provided an additional occupation-based group program. Behavioural mapping recorded participants' activity levels in hospital for one weekday and one weekend day. Outcome measures collected at recruitment, discharge, and/or 1 month after discharge included Modified Barthel Index, use of community supports, length of stay, Stroke Impact Scale, and Self-Efficacy Gauge. Results: Participants from Unit A (n=8) had a significantly longer length of stay than Unit B (n=11) and spent significantly more time in occupational therapy (P=.01). Both participant groups were more inactive on the weekday compared to the weekend (P=.03). Participants in Unit A were more likely to report low levels of social participation and stroke recovery (

The Sustainable Market Model – Strategic Market Analysis Emphasizing Sustainability and Growth

Bakgrund Hållbarhet är ett koncept som har fått uppmärksamhet och som har gått från att vara ett ”modeord” till något som är integrerat i de flesta företags strategi. Författarna är intresserade av hur affärsmöjligheter kan bli utvärderade från ett hållbarhetsperspektiv och hur hållbara produkter kan skapa ett marknadsvärde. Företaget, som är verksamma inom kemi industrin, är intresserade av att kartlägga den hållbara kemi marknaden, nuvarande trender och hitta affärsmöjligheter inom marknaden för Hållbar Kemi. Syfte Syftet med denna uppsats är primärt att skapa ett teoretiskt ramverk och metodverktyg, The Sustainable Market Model, som ska underlätta för företag att kartlägga och utvärdera en given marknad ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv samt att hitta och utvärdera affärsmöjligheter på denna marknad. Det sekundära syftet är att utföra en kartläggning över marknaden för Hållbar Kemi för att förstå nuvarande trender, kunders behov och konkurrenters agerande och bistå Företaget med en rekommendation för potentiella affärsmöjligheter inom denna marknad. Metodik Eftersom det syftet är att utföra en kartläggning av en befintlig marknad kan detta projekt beskrivas genom en så kallad deskriptiv undersökning, med en deduktiv relation mellan empiri och teori. Både kvantitativa och kvalitativa metoder har nyttjats för att samla in nödvändig data. Primär data har blivit insamlat via intervjuer som har genomförts med nyckelpersoner. Sekundär data, bestående i statistik och generell marknadsfakta, har också insamlats. Alla nyttjade källor har blivit noggrant utvärderade för att uppnå önskad kvalité på uppsatsen. Master Thesis – Production Management Lund Faculty of Engineering v Slutsats The Sustainable Market Model anses vara ett effektivt verktyg för att kartlägga och utvärdera trender på ett strukturerat sätt för att hitta affärsmöjligheter. Det bör poängteras att vikterna och poängsättningen som används i urvalsprocessen är subjektiva för företaget och borde bestämmas med eftertanke. Hållbar Kemi är en växande marknad och det existerar en efterfrågan både från företag och slutkonsumenter. Dock så påverkas utvecklingen av marknaden för Hållbar Kemi utav makrotrender så som priset på råolja, tullar för den hållbara råvaran och frånvaron av långsiktiga politiska strategier. På grund utav det låga oljepriset har Hållbara Kemiska produkter svårt att konkurrenskraftiga ur ett kostnadsperspektiv. Vissa produktgrupper anses ha högre marknads potential, fastställt genom nyttjandet av The Sustainable Market Model, nämligen Bio-­‐PE, Bio-­‐PET och Cellulosic Ethanol. Den förstnämnda produktgruppen anses ha högst potential för Företaget baserat på dess kompabilitet med Företagets verksamhet och kompetens

9/11 and ERAU Athletics

The terrorist attacks on September 11th, 2001 dramatically transformed the world of aviation, including Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. Federal authorities investigated the school for possibly training the terrorists that conducted the attacks, and because of this association, which ultimately turned out to be false, the Athletics Department received a bomb threat in the ICI Center on September 12th, 2001. This poster presentation explores the terrorist attacks of 9/11 and their impact on Athletics at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. The study will include interviews with members of the Athletics staff working at the time of the attacks, as well as with other members of the ERAU community such as former student-athletes. The poster presentation also draws upon primary sources in the ERAU Archives, as well as records in the Athletics Department. This presentation interprets changes in the Athletics Department, the university’s reputation, and the career aspirations of student-athletes in the larger context of a national crisis mentality and the university’s response to intense media scrutiny. Just as the nation responded with a renewed sense of unity, so too did the Athletics Department discover that its expertise in team building facilitates its successful responses to the challenges

Thriving Through Relationships in Sport:The Role of the Parent–Athlete and Coach–Athlete Attachment Relationship

The aim of this research was to examine whether attachment relationships to significant others, such as to parents and/or sports coaches, enable thriving and competition performance within sport. Two studies employing cross-sectional and prospective designs were carried out across different samples of athletes of varied skill levels and sports. In Study 1, we found athletes’ attachment to their sports coach was significantly associated with athlete thriving and mediated by psychological needs satisfaction. Results of Study 2 found that athletes’ secure attachment to their mother and/or father positively predicted the experience of thriving at the competition while athletes’ insecure attachment did not predict thriving. Furthermore, athletes’ attachment to both mother and father did not predict competition performance. Together, these two studies acknowledge the significant role that athletes’ secure attachment relationships with parents and coaches play in facilitating thriving in athletes. These findings have significant implications for research and practice

The role of coach-athlete relationship quality in team sport athletes’ psychophysiological exhaustion: implications for physical and cognitive performance

The present study aimed to examine associations between the quality of the coach-athlete relationship and athlete exhaustion by assessing physiological and cognitive consequences. Male and female athletes (N = 82) representing seven teams across four different sports, participated in a quasi-experimental study measuring physical performance on a 5-meter multiple shuttle test, followed by a Stroop test to assess cognitive performance. Participants provided saliva samples measuring cortisol as a biomarker of acute stress response and completed questionnaires measuring exhaustion, and coach-athlete relationship quality. Structural equation modelling revealed a positive relationship between the quality of the coach-athlete relationship and Stroop performance, and negative relationships between the quality of the coach-athlete relationship and cortisol responses to high-intensity exercise, cognitive testing, and exhaustion. The study supports previous research on socio-cognitive correlates of athlete exhaustion by highlighting associations with the quality of the coach-athlete relationship

The diverse constructs use of activities of daily living measures in stroke randomized controlled trials in the years 2005–2009

Objective: To explore construct(s) (ability, capability, actual performance, and/or perceived difficulty) of activities of daily living measures that have been used in randomized controlled trials

The diverse constructs use of activities of daily living measures in stroke randomized controlled trials in the years 2005–2009

Objective: To explore construct(s) (ability, capability, actual performance, and/or perceived difficulty) of activities of daily living measures that have been used in randomized controlled trials

STRENGTH and the Health Care Team: changing interprofessional and client-centered practices

Background: Client-centered practice in stroke rehabilitation is strongly influenced by interprofessional team functioning and collaborative goal setting. The hospital context is problematic for client-centered practice and reduces the ability of the health care team and client with stroke to appreciate the impact of stroke on functioning within the home environment. Objective: The purpose of this study was to trial Stroke Rehabilitation Enhancing and Guiding Transition Home (STRENGTH), an approach to rehabilitation that provides clients, carers, and hospital-based therapists with weekly opportunities to develop goals and undertake therapy sessions in the home and community before hospital discharge. Methods: Nine participants, comprising 3 occupational therapists, 4 physiotherapists, and 2 speech pathologists, completed a custom-made survey and participated in a semi-structured focus group at the completion of the 6-month trial of STRENGTH. The survey and focus group questioned the participants on their experiences and impressions of STRENGTH. Results: Inductive thematic analysis of the focus group identified 2 themes: "influences of context on team functioning" and "experiences of the program." The quantitative data supported the value of STRENGTH for team functioning and client outcomes. Conclusions: The findings provide an overall endorsement for STRENGTH from the therapists' perspectives and highlight the positive impact of environmental context on team functioning, collaborative goal setting, and ultimately client-centered practice