Der Offene Brief im Spiegel privater Exilkorrespondenz

In einem Offenen Brief an Klaus Mann verteidigt Joseph Breitbach im Juli 1934 seine Empfehlung einer zeitgenössischen „typisch deutschen“ Literatur, die er etwa sechs Wochen zuvor in La Revue hebdomadaire für das französische Publikum ausspricht. Die eher disparate Literaturauswahl nennt u. a. Werke der NS-Vorzeigegrößen Hans Grimm und Hermann Stehr, hatte in den Pariser Exilkreisen Unmut ausgelöst und Klaus Mann zu einer Replik im Neuen Tage-Buch veranlasst. Die öffentliche Auseinandersetzung begleitet eine Reihe von Privatbriefen, in denen Breitbach seinen Standpunkt nicht nur pedantisch seziert, sondern als wahrhaftige Rede und als Gegenstück zu Manns Rolle des öffentlichen Provokateurs inszeniert. An ihnen zeigt sich exemplarisch die Interdependenz zwischen öffentlichem und privatem Diskurs. Es geht dabei um die Frage, wie Offene Briefe im persönlichen, der Öffentlichkeit verborgenen Korrespondenznetz wahrgenommen, vorbereitet oder kommentiert werden und welche rhetorischen Mechanismen in dieser Wechselbeziehung wirken.En juillet 1934 Joseph Breitbach, dans une lettre ouverte à Klaus Mann, défendit son idée d’une littérature contemporaine « proprement allemande », qu’il avait formulé six semaines auparavant dans La Revue hebdomadaire à l’intention du lectorat français. Les œuvres littéraires citées par Breitbach comprenaient également des ouvrages rédigés par des figures de proue de la littérature louée par le régime nazi tels que Hans Grimm et Hermann Stehr, ce qui suscita des remous parmi les cercles d’exilés parisiens et amena Klaus Mann à publier une réplique dans le Neue Tage-Buch. Cette joute publique s’accompagna d’un échange épistolaire dans lequel Breitbach ne se contenta pas d’étoffer son point de vue mais dans lequel il se mit en scène comme incarnation d’un discours de vérité au rebours du rôle de provocateur public de Klaus Mann. Cette correspondance illustre l’interdépendance entre le discours privé et le discours public et permet de comprendre la manière dont des lettres ouvertes peuvent être préparées et commentées à l’abri de l’opinion publique, ainsi que les mécanismes rhétoriques opérant dans cette relation réciproque.In July 1934, Joseph Breitbach wrote an open letter to Klaus Mann defending his recommendation of a “genuine German” literature he made for the french public about six weeks ago in the Revue hebdomadaire. His quite disparate literature selection contains amongst others, the works of the Nazi regimes favorite writers Hans Grimm and Hermann Stehr which caused resentment in the Parisian circles of exiles and led Klaus Mann to publish an answer in Das Neue Tage-Buch. The controversy lead to a series of private letters, in which Breitbach not only pedantically explained his point of view, but also set it in scene as truthful speech becoming a counterpart to Klaus Mann’s role of a public agent provocateur. Exemplarily, these letters demonstrate the interdependence between public and private discourse. It is a matter of how open letters are seen and commented in private correspondencies and which are the rhetorical mechanisms operating in this interrelation

Stem Cell Fate Analysis Revisited: Interpretation of Individual Clone Dynamics in the Light of a New Paradigm of Stem Cell Organization

Many experimental findings on heterogeneity, flexibility, and plasticity of tissue stem cells are currently challenging stem cell concepts that assume a cell intrinsically predefined, unidirectional differentiation program. In contrast to these classical concepts, nonhierarchical self-organizing systems provide an elegant and comprehensive alternative to explain the experimental data. Here we present the application of such a self-organizing concept to quantitatively describe the hematopoietic stem cell system. Focusing on the analysis of individual-stem-cell fates and clonal dynamics, we particularly discuss implications of the theoretical results on the interpretation of experimental findings. We demonstrate that it is possible to understand hematopoietic stem cell organization without assumptions on unidirectional developmental hierarchies, preprogrammed asymmetric division events or other assumptions implying the existence of a predetermined stem cell entity. The proposed perspective, therefore, changes the general paradigm of thinking about stem cells

Comparison of the shear bond strength of 3D printed temporary bridges materials, on different types of resin cements and surface treatment

Thus, purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strength of the resin cement and the resin modified glass ionomer cement on 3D printed temporary material for crowns and bridges in combination with different surface treatment modalities. Test specimens VarseoSmile Temp material (Bego, Bremen, Germany) (n=64) in the form of rectangular blocks (n=32) and cylindrical test specimens (n=32) were printed using the Varseo S 3D printer (Bego, Bremen, Germany). The specimens were divided into 4 groups, with 8 specimens of each kind. Two groups (n=16 pairs) were blasted with Perlablast® Micro [PM] 50µm (Bego, Bremen, Germany) and two groups (n=16 pairs) were blasted with alumina [AL] 50µm. The cylindric specimen were cemented on the rectangular block with a load of 20N using a Zwick/Roell machine (Ulm, Germany), to ensure a comparable cementing process. One group (n=8) of each pre-treatment was cemented with Fuji Cem 2 [Fuji+AL & Fuji+PM] and one of each with Variolink® Esthetic [Vario+AL & Vario+PM]. The Fuji Cem 2 was chemically cured while dual curing Variolink® Esthetic was additionally light cured using LED (Bluephase II, Ivoclar Vivadent, Ellwagen, Germany; light intensity, >1,000 mW/cm2, high power modus). The shear strength was performed with Zwick/Roell universal test machine (speed, 0.8 mm/min), fracture and statistical analysis was performed (T-test, p<0.05). T-test showed a significant difference Fuji Cem 2 (Fuji+AL & Fuji&PM) and Variolink® Esthetic (Vario+AL &Vario+PM) (p=0.000). Fuji+AL & Fuji+PM showed a significant difference for surface pre-treatment (p=0.002). Vario+AL & Vario+PM no significance (p=0.872) for pre-treatment method was detectable. Variolink® Esthetic showed a higher bond strength compared to Fuji Cem 2 and an increasing bond strength for Fuji Cem 2 with alumina pre-treatment. There was no significant difference for Vario+AL and Vario+PM

Free-range grazing by large herbivores in degraded large-scale dry sandy grassland-heathland ecosystems

Free-range grazing by large herbivores combined with one-time mowing of over-aged heathlands offers an excellent management tool to maintain and enhance biodiversity in degraded large scale, low productive, semi-open dry sandy grassland-heathland ecosystems. Grazing improves habitat quality, supports typical species communities and represses invasive species

Hypothesis testing in Bayesian network meta-analysis

Background: Network meta-analysis is an extension of the classical pairwise meta-analysis and allows to compare multiple interventions based on both head-to-head comparisons within trials and indirect comparisons across trials. Bayesian or frequentist models are applied to obtain effect estimates with credible or confidence intervals. Furthermore, p-values or similar measures may be helpful for the comparison of the included arms but related methods are not yet addressed in the literature. In this article, we discuss how hypothesis testing can be done in a Bayesian network meta-analysis. Methods: An index is presented and discussed in a Bayesian modeling framework. Simulation studies were performed to evaluate the characteristics of this index. The approach is illustrated by a real data example. Results: The simulation studies revealed that the type I error rate is controlled. The approach can be applied in a superiority as well as in a non-inferiority setting. Conclusions: Test decisions can be based on the proposed index. The index may be a valuable complement to the commonly reported results of network meta-analyses. The method is easy to apply and of no (noticeable) additional computational cost

2 MW peak power generation in fluorine co-doped Yb fiber prepared by powder-sinter technology

We report on the first, to the best of our knowledge, implementation of a fluorine co-doped large-mode-area REPUSIL fiber for high peak power amplification in an ultrashort-pulse master oscillator power amplifier. The core material of the investigated step-index fiber with high Yb-doping level, 52 µm core and high core-to-clad ratio of 1:4.2 was fabricated by means of the REPUSIL powder-sinter technology. The core numerical aperture was adjusted by fluorine codoping to 0.088. For achieving high beam quality and for ensuring a monolithic seed path, the LMA fiber is locally tapered. We demonstrate an Yb fiber amplifier with near-diffraction-limited beam quality of M2 = 1.3, which remains constant up to a peak power of 2 MW. This is a record for a tapered single core fiber. © 2020 Optical Society of Americ