csal1 Is Controlled by a Combination of FGF and Wnt Signals in Developing Limb Buds

While some of the signaling molecules that govern establishment of the limb axis have been characterized, little is known about the downstream effector genes that interpret these signals. In Drosophila, the spalt gene is involved in cell fate determination and pattern formation in different tissues. We have cloned a chick homologue of Drosophila spalt, which we have termed csal1, and this study focuses on the regulation of csal1 expression in the limb bud. csal1 is expressed in limb buds from HH 17 to 26, in both the apical ectodermal ridge and the distal mesenchyme. Signals from the apical ridge are essential for csal1 expression, while the dorsal ectoderm is required for csal1 expression at a distance from the ridge. Our data indicate that both FGF and Wnt signals are required for the regulation of csal1 expression in the limb. Mutations in the human homologue of csal1, termed Hsal1/SALL1, result in a condition known as Townes–Brocks syndrome (TBS), which is characterized by preaxial polydactyly. The developmental expression of csal1 together with the digit phenotype in TBS patients suggests that csal1 may play a role in some aspects of distal patterning

MEASURING DIGITAL PROFICIENCY: A SIMPLE APPROACH USING AN ON-LINE INSTRUMENT

Digital inclusion has recently become a concern of society and there are many re-sources to promote digital literacy. However, only the access to new technologies and digital literacy are no longer sufficient to deal with the current challenges, as they have also require a high level of Digital Proficiency. Digital Proficiency measures how effectively individuals and organizations deal with digital technol-ogy. Individuals use technology for their own benefit and organizations use it to serve their external customers and employees (internal customers). Technology has influenced every aspect of our lives, from communication, collaboration and learning to information. It allows individuals and organizations to innovate, solve problems, improve productivity, make decisions and even win competitions. There are certification methods that evaluate the individual knowledge and skills associated with the use of Internet and computer. These skills are considered essential for academic learning and a minimum requirement for employment in a typical office environment. These methods evaluate aspects related to the use of hardware, operating systems and software, such as Word and Excel as well as Internet usage. As these certification and evaluation programs are not easily accessible due to costs and location of the tests, we have developed an online tool for the diagnosis of Digital Proficiency by using a case study in which students of a public university are compared with school teachers in Brazil (n = 333).Fac Agudos, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Sao Paulo, FEARP, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Sao Paulo, Brazi