Population Potentials and Development Levels: Empirical Findings in the European Union

In this paper we deal with the issue of the spatial structure of Europe. In order to carry out our study, we use the technique of gravity models to compute population potentials, and then plot potential maps, which allow us to represent the main lines of force in terms of the geographical distribution of the population and consequently the main economic activity in the area as well. We also use the data which corresponds to the future acceding countries in order to better analyse the effects of European Union enlargement from a spatial perspective. The findings about the spatial structure of Europe were carried out to a further stage, testing econometrically the explanatory power that population potentials have on the levels of development. Using a logarithm specification for the relationship between population potentials and levels of development and estimating cross-section regressions for different time periods we evaluated if the explanatory power of the population potentials was hold constant over time or if on the contrary it was decreasing as long as we move forward testing our model for the latest data available (1999). Our proposed relationship was estimated in different years, 1982, 1989, 1994, 1997 and 1999. What we have found is that closeness to large consumer markets or in other words, market potential, was an important explanatory variable for regional income in the early eighties and that it has decreased its significance in determining regions income on the 1990´s. Thus dynamic income regions have also emerged in the periphery, and need not necessarily be close to rich regions. The main reasons for this tendency reside in a trend towards the delocalisation of economic activities driven by technical advances in transport, information and communication, together with tendencies towards convergence in a unified economic space and the impulse generated by the new EU regional policy which began in 1987 after the European Single Act. JEL classification: A12; J11; N30; R23 Keywords: Spatial structure; Population Potential contours; Spatial planning; Potential maps; Population settlements

Effector-mediated suppression of plant defense against biotrophs through activation of antagonistic defense against necrotrophs

Plant hormones are small molecules involved in the regulation of plant growth, development, reproduction and stress responses. Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonates (JA) are essential for the activation of defence responses against pathogens. SA signaling is involved in triggering immunity against biotrophic pathogens while JA activates resistance against necrotrophic pathogens. The SA and JA pathways are mostly antagonistic: elevated biotroph resistance correlates with increased necrotroph susceptibility, and vice versa. Using transcriptomics to look for a functional overlap between plant gene silencing and type III-mediated plant responses we found that genes associated to JA signaling were overrepresented in the overlapping set, more so than SA-related genes. We present here the results of the ensuing analysis, showing effector-mediated activation of the JA pathway as a virulence mechanism, and establishing a novel role for gene silencing in the regulation of the JA pathway.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech - See more at: http://riuma.uma.es/xmlui/handle/10630/5393/submit/12176e8e39815b4d6112192a6815221718868c2f.continue#sthash.RYCQTkwy.dpu

A ringed pole-on outflow from DO Tauri revealed by ALMA

We present new ALMA Band 6 observations including the CO (2-1) line and 1.3 mmcontinuum emission from the surroundings of the young stellar object DO Tauri. TheALMA CO molecular data show three different series of rings at different radial ve-locities. These rings have radii around 220 au and 800 au. We make individual fits tothe rings and note that their centers are aligned with DO Tauri and its optical high-velocity jet. In addition, we notice that the velocity of these structures increases withthe separation from the young star. We discuss the data under the hypothesis that therings represent velocity cuts through three outflowing shells that are possibly drivenby a wide-angle wind, dragging the environment material along a direction close to theline of sight (i= 19◦). We estimate the dynamical ages, the mass, the momentum andthe energy of each individual outflow shell and those of the whole outflow. The resultsare in agreement with those found in outflows from Class II sources. We make a roughestimate for the size of the jet/wind launching region, which needs to be of.15 au.We report the physical characteristics of DO Tauri?s disk continuum emission (almostface-on and with a projected major axis in the north-south direction) and its velocitygradient orientation (north-south), indicative of disk rotation for a 1-2 Mcentral star.Finally we show an HST [SII] image of the optical jet and report a measurement of itsorientation in the plane of the sky.Fil: Fernandez Lopez, Manuel. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía; ArgentinaFil: Zapata Gonzalez, Luis Alberto. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Instituto de Astronomia; MéxicoFil: Rodríguez, Luis F.. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Instituto de Astronomia; MéxicoFil: Vazzano, María Mercedes. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía; ArgentinaFil: Guzman, Andrés E.. National Astronomical Observatory Of Japan; JapónFil: López, Rosario. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. Facultad de Física. Departamento Astronomía y Meteorología; Españ

Feminization of benzodiazepine use

Partiendo de la observación experiencial de un alto consumo de benzodiacepinas (BZP) entre las mujeres, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar los conocimientos y las prácticas de su uso entre las mujeres de Deltebre y qué lleva a los profesionales a iniciar y mantener su prescripción. Se realizó un grupo de discusión con mujeres consumidoras y entrevistas a facultativas con perspectiva etnográfica.Desde la biomedicina no se atienden los factores psicosociales que generan los malestares en estas mujeres, produciendo una farmacologización, la pérdida del agency (capacidad de actuar) y la cosificación de los mismos. Existe una ausencia de reciprocidad en sus contextos, contribuyendo a la crisis de la presencia, la cual activa la búsqueda de sustitutos e inicia el consumo de BZP. Sin embargo, ésta no produce la restitución, llevando a la cronificación del consumo.Se plantea incorporar los saberes de las mujeres consumidoras en el abordaje de los tratamientos con BZP desde la atención primaria de salud, lo cual permite llegar a un conocimiento más profundo del problema y construir espacios de reconstrucción y restitución de las reciprocidades, que conlleve una verdadera superación de la crisis de la presencia y al abandono del fármaco.Based on the experiential observation of a high consumption of benzodiazepines (BZP) among women, the aim of this study is to analyze the knowledge and practice of BZP use among women of Deltebre and that leads professionals to initiate and maintain their prescription. A discussion group with female consumers and interviews with physicians with an ethnographic perspective were carried out.Biomedicine does not address the psychosocial factors that generate the discomfort of these women, producing a pharmacologization, the loss of agency and the reification of the same. There is an absence of reciprocity in their contexts, contributing to the crisis of presence, which activates the search for substitutes and initiates the consumption of BZP But it does not produce restitution, which brings us the chronification of consumption.It is proposed to incorporate the knowledge of the women in the approach of the treatments with BZP from the primary health care, which allows to arrive at a deeper knowledge of the problem and to construct spaces of reconstruction and restitution of the reciprocities that entails a true overcoming of the crisis of the presence and the abandonment of the drug

PAMP-triggered immunity against Pseudomonas syringae involves microRNA-mediated regulation of several uncharacterized R genes

Two main types of noncoding small RNA molecules have been found in plants: microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). They differ in their biogenesis and mode of action, but share similar sizes (20-24 nt). Their precursors are processed by Dicer-Like RNase III (dcl) proteins present in Arabidopsis thaliana, and in their mature form can act as negative regulators of gene expression, being involved in a vast array of plant processes, including plant development, genomic integrity or response to stress. Small-RNA mediated regulation can occurs at transcriptional level (TGS) or at post-transcriptional level (PTGS). In recent years, the role of gene silencing in the regulation of expression of genes related to plant defence responses against bacterial pathogens is becoming clearer. Comparisons carried out in our lab between the expression profiles of different mutants affected in gene silencing, and plants challenged with Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato DC3000, led us to identify a set of uncharacterized R genes, belonging to the TIR-NBS-LRR gene family, differentially expressed in these conditions. Through the use of bioinformatics tools, we found a miRNA* of 22 nt putatively responsible for down-regulating expression of these R genes through the generation of siRNAs. We have also found that the corresponding pri-miRNA is down-regulated after PAMP-perception in a SA-dependent manner. We also demonstrate that plants with altered levels of miRNA* (knockdown lines or overexpression lines) exhibit altered PTI-associated phenotypes, suggesting a role for this miRNA* in this defence response against bacteria. In addition we identify one of the target genes as a negative regulator of defence response against Pseudomonas syringae.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. MINECO, FEDE

Método HDG de orden superior con bases deDubiner para problemas de flujo elípticos

We propose a standard hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method to solve a classic problem in fluids mechanics: Darcy’s law. This model describes the behavior of a fluid trough a porous medium and it is relevant to the flow patterns on the macro scale. Here we present the theoretical results of existence and uniqueness of the weak and discontinuous solution of the second order elliptic equation, as well as the predicted convergence order of the HDG method. We highlight the use and implementation of Dubiner polynomial basis functions that allow us to develop a general and efficient high order numerical approximation. We also show some numerical examples that validate the theoretical results.En este artículo proponemos el uso del método de Galerkin discontinuo híbrido(HDG) para resolver un problema clásico en mecánica de fluidos: la ecuación deDarcy. Este modelo describe el comportamiento de un fluido a través de un medioporoso y es relevante en el estudio de flujo a gran escala. Aquí presentamos algunosresultados teóricos de existencia y unicidad de la solución débil y discontinua de ecuaciones elípticas de segundo orden, así como el orden de convergecia predichopara el método HDG. Destacamos el uso e implementación de bases polinomialesde Dubiner que nos permiten desarrollar aproximaciones numéricas generales yde alto orden. Además mostramos ejemplos numéricos que validan los resultadosteóricos.Palabras clave:Método de Galerkin discontinuo hibridizable; flujo en medioporoso; bases de Dubiner; convergencia de alto orden

Implantación de una estrategia CRM para la MIPYME Agro–Veterinaria “Mi Finkita” en Juigalpa Chontales

El presente trabajo se realizó por medio de cuatro actividades fundamentales, primero se analizó el enfoque de negocio actual de la empresa a través de una encuesta determinado así la atención al cliente, el posicionamiento del negocio, los canales de comunicación y las estrategias, aplicando el modelo Canvas para identificar los procesos actuales de la empresa, construyendo un FOSA a partir de ese análisis alimentado de una pequeña entrevista. Segundo se diseñó un nuevo modelo de procesos de venta y atención al cliente, contemplando los aspectos de marketing automatizando los procesos de venta y atención al cliente, en la plataforma seleccionada por medio de un cuadro comparativo de las diferentes soluciones libres con cuatro principales características: venta, marketing, soporte y social CRM de esa forma estableciendo canales de comunicación diseñados en una página web que servirá como catalogo virtual usando la red social Facebook. Se instala la aplicación SugarCRM en su versión libre COMMUNITY EDITTION en un hosting privado (Hostagor) el hosting brindo los complementos necesarios para la instalación como son PHP, MySQL; con el objetivo de integrar los canales de comunicación permitiendo el uso de campañas de marketing, el hosting permite recuperación de la información en caso de anomalías al contrario de un local host puede perder la información si esta no se tiene respaldad externamente. Una vez diseñada e instalada la aplicación se integró el nuevo modelo de procesos concentrado en la atención al cliente, antes, durante y después de la venta captando y reteniendo a los clientes, pasando de ser prospectos a clientes potenciales, el desarrollo de un plan de acción para capacitar a los usuarios en el proceso de venta permite una mejor interacción de la empresa con el client

Quality of care assessment in COPD. AUDIPOC: the Spanish audit experience

There is now general knowledge illustratinga gap between the health care that patients rece-ive and the practice that is recommended by clinical guidelines [...