Economic Impacts of Ageing: An Interindustry Approach

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to quantify the impact of the evolution of consumption patterns associated with ageing on the relative importance of industries in Portugal. Design/Methodology/Approach - This paper uses data from the Family Spending Survey to disaggregate the Household column of the Portuguese Input-Output Table in different age groups, projecting their consumption, using the latest demographic projections made by Statistics Portugal (INE). Findings - The study identifies the industries that are likely to be stimulated by the ageing of the Portuguese populations, as well as the industries that will most likely become disadvantaged by the process. Social implications - The task of identification of growing and declining industries due to ageing is important to help the design of employment, environmental, and social policies. Original/Value - The contemporary demographic trends in western societies have added to the importance of studying the economic and social consequences of ageing. Previously, the main issues have been the labour market effects, the sustainability of social security systems, and long-term care. In this paper, we address a different research topic, quantifying the sectoral impact of the evolution of consumption patterns associated with ageing.Ageing; Input-output; Consumption behaviour.

The characteristics and regional distribution of older workers in Portugal

Population ageing is a common trend in most developed countries with many important economic, social and political consequences. In Portugal, this trend has been particularly strong. The ageing index was 34% in 1970, it is about 129% in 2011, according to the provisory results of the last Census and most recent demographic projections, is expected to be over 240% in 2030. One of the main issues associated with ageing is its effect on the composition of the labour force. The main purpose of this paper is to study the changes in the age structure of the Portuguese labour force between 1989 and 2009. First of all, the size and relative weight of older workers are quantified, both as a group (people with more than 54 years old), by age sub-groups (55-59; 60-64; 65 +) and gender. Then, particular attention is given to the regional distribution of these workers, both at the Nuts II (7 regions) and Nuts III (30 regions) levels. The sectoral distribution is also measured, at national and regional levels. Finally, a comparative analysis is made between younger and olderer workers, considering the education levels, establishments’ size, labour compensation and part-time versus full time work regime. The main data used are Quadros de Pessoal, from Ministry of Solidarity and Social Security covering people working in the private business sector (around 3,3 million workers, in 2009) and excluding liberal professionals

Conjugated linoleic acid reduces permeability and fluidity of adipose plasma membranes from obese Zucker rats

NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. July 2010; 398 (2): 199-204.Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a dietary fatty acid frequently used as a body fat reducing agent whose effects upon cell membranes and cellular function remain unknown. Obese Zucker rats were fed atherogenic diets containing saturated fats of vegetable or animal origin with or without 1% CLA, as a mixture of cis(c)9,trans(t)11 and t10,c12 isomers. Plasma membrane vesicles obtained from visceral adi- pose tissue were used to assess the effectiveness of dietary fat and CLA membrane incorporation and its outcome on fluidity and permeability to water and glycerol. A significant decrease in adipose membrane fluidity was correlated with the changes observed in permeability, which seem to be caused by the incor- poration of the t10,c12 CLA isomer into membrane phospholipids. These results indicate that CLA supple- mentation in obese Zucker rats fed saturated and cholesterol rich diets reduces the fluidity and permeability of adipose membranes, therefore not supporting CLA as a body fat reducing agent through membrane fluidification in obese fat consumers

Small shrubby patches increase bird taxonomic and functional richness of wood-pastures

Wood-pastures are semi-natural systems that combine a grazed grassland with a tree layer. Shrubs are often controlled, mostly to improve grazing potential, resulting in a reduction of the available ecological niches. From a conservation perspective, it is thus important to identify management practices that counter this reduction. Our overall objective was to determine the value of small shrubby patches to increase the richness of wood-pasture bird communities. As study model we used Mediterranean oak wood-pastures in southern Portugal, locally known as montados. Birds and environmental variables were sampled in 50 m radius plots of wood-pasture with and without small shrubby patches (128–3748 m2, covering less than 0.5% of the study area), in winter (n = 54) and spring (n = 65). Species assemblages’ composition changed between seasons, but in both seasons the assemblages in plots with and without patches were statistically different. Seven species were statistically associated to the presence of patches, in winter and spring, increasing the richness of the respective assemblages. A comparison of the functional composition of communities of patches and matrix revealed that patches increased richness of landscapes by boosting the presence of species with functional traits uncommon in the ecologically simplified matrix. Their presence is promoted by resources added by the patches (e.g. nesting sites, protection, food), but the ranges of individual birds in general extended well beyond the patches. This study demonstrated that the presence of few and small shrubby patches can significantly enrich the bird communities of wood-pastures, both taxonomically and functionally, indicating that promoting them is a cost-effective management measure for these valuable systems.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Long-Term Care Insurance, Annuities and Asymmetric Information: The Case for Bundling Contracts. 1

Within an asymmetric information set-up in which individuals di¤er in terms of their risk aversion and can choose whether or not to take preventative action, we illustrate in a uni…ed framework the equilibrium possibilities with stand-alone long-term care insurance and annuity contracts. With costs of administering insurance, so that insurance is unfair, we show the existence of an equilibrium in which the risk averse type, who take more preventative action, obtain more of both types of insurance, even though their probability of using long-tern care coverage is lower than the less risk averse. Hence, we show that the empirical observations of Finkelstein and Poterba (2004) and Finkelstein and McGarry (2003) are consistent with simultaneous separating equilibria in the two markets. A key …nding of the paper is that as individuals who take care will be relatively low risk in the long-term care insurance market but high risk in the annuities market, with the opposite being the case for those who take less preventative action, an equilibrium exists in bundled This paper is concerned with the markets for annuities and long-term care insurance. It investigates the e¤ects of asymmetric information about ex-ante mortality and ill-healt

Role of protein kinase R in the killing of Leishmania major by macrophages in response to neutrophil elastase and TLR4 via TNF and IFN

In cutaneous leishmaniasis, Leishmania amazonensis activates macrophage double-stranded, RNA-activated protein kinase R (PKR) to promote parasite growth. In our study, Leishmania major grew normally in RAW cells, RAW-expressing dominant-negative PKR (PKR-DN) cells, and macrophages of PKR-knockout mice, revealing that PKR is dispensable for L. major growth in macrophages. PKR activation in infected macrophages with poly I:C resulted in parasite death. Fifty percent of L. major-knockout lines for the ecotin-like serine peptidase inhibitor (ISP2; Δisp2/isp3), an inhibitor of neutrophil elastase (NE), died in RAW cells or macrophages from 129Sv mice, as a result of PKR activation. Inhibition of PKR or NE or neutralization of Toll-like receptor 4 or 2(TLR4 or TLR2) prevented the death of Δisp2/isp3. Δisp2/isp3 grew normally in RAW-PKR-DN cells or macrophages from 129Sv pkr−/−, tlr2−/−, trif−/−, and myd88−/− mice, associating NE activity, PKR, and TLR responses with parasite death. Δisp2/isp3 increased the expression of mRNA for TNF-α by 2-fold and of interferon β (IFNβ) in a PKR-dependent manner. Antibodies to TNF-α reversed the 95% killing by Δisp2/isp3, whereas they grew normally in macrophages from IFN receptor–knockout mice. We propose that ISP2 prevents the activation of PKR via an NE-TLR4-TLR2 axis to control innate responses that contribute to the killing of L. major.—Faria, M. S., Calegari-Silva, T. C., de Carvalho Vivarini, A., Mottram, J. C., Lopes, U. G., Lima, A. P. C. A. Role of protein kinase R in the killing of Leishmania major by macrophages in response to neutrophil elastase and TLR4 via TNFα and IFNβ

Effects of intervention programs on child and adolescent BMI: a meta-analysis study

This meta-analysis study aims to assess the efficacy of school-based and after-school intervention programs on the BMIs of child and adolescents, addressing the correlation between some moderating variables. Methods: We analyzed 52 studies (N = 28,236) published between 2000-2011. Results: The overall effect size was 0.068 (P < .001), school (r = .069) and after-school intervention (r = .065). Programs conducted with children aged between 15-19 years were the most effective (r = .133). Interventions programs with boys and girls show better effect sizes (r = .110) than programs that included just girls (r = .073). There were no significant differences between the programs implemented in school and after-school (P = .770). The effect size was higher in interventions lasting 1 year (r = .095), with physical activity and nutritional education (r = .148), and that included 3-5 sessions of physical activity per week (r = .080). The effect size also increased as the level of parental involvement increased. Conclusions: Although of low magnitude (r = .068), the intervention programs had a positive effect in prevention and decreasing obesity in children. This effect seems to be higher in older children's, involving interventions with physical activity and nutritional education combined, with parent's participation and with 1-year duration. School or after-school interventions had a similar effect

In vitro tests of suitability of bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria, as potential biopreservation cultures in vacuum-packaged cold-smoked salmon

The objectives of this study were to ascertain the in vitro potential of nine bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains, isolated from vacuum-packaged cold-smoked salmon (CSS), for possible use as biopreservative cultures against Listeria monocytogenes. The antilisterial activity of cultures’ supernatants was assessed at 0.5%, 3.0% and 5.0% w/v of salt, at 5ºC, 10ºC and 25ºC both in aerobic and anaerobic atmospheres, simulating the conditions pertaining in vacuum-packaged CSS. The kinetics of growth, bacteriocin biosynthesis, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ten antibiotics, histamine and tyramine production of LAB strains, were determined jointly with the haemolytic activity for the enterococci. Only five strains were able to secrete active bacteriocins into the culture medium, at high salt concentrations and low temperatures, both in aerobic and anaerobic atmospheres. Enterococci showed neither haemolyt ic activity nor vancomycin resistance. The production of histamine was not observed for any of the bacteriocin-producing strains

Allergenicity risk of edible insects, a systematic review of human studies

Comunicação oralINTRODUÇÃO: O consumo de insetos é uma prática comum na África, Ásia, Austrália ou na América Latina, onde os insetos constituem uma importante fonte de nutrientes. A produção de insetos comestíveis é mais ecológica, uma vez que requer menor uso de alimentos, água e solo e emite menos gases de efeito estufa, em comparação com as fontes tradicionais de proteína animal. Tal, despertou o interesse dos países ocidentais e, na Europa, os insetos edíveis como fonte emergente de alimento são enquadrados na categoria de novos alimentos e novos ingredientes alimentares. Ainda assim, existem preocupações sobre questões de segurança dos alimentos, nomeadamente alergias alimentares induzidas por sensibilização direta ou reatividade cruzada de imunoglobulinas E (Ig E) entre alérgenos de insetos, crustáceos e ácaros da poeira doméstica (APD), conhecidos como pan-alérgenos. Considerando a possibilidade de cultura e comercialização de insetos na Europa, a Autoridade Europeia para a Segurança dos Alimentos solicitou avaliações científicas de risco com foco na alergenicidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática de forma a atualizar informações sobre estudos de avaliação de alergenicidade a insetos. MÉTODOS: Realizaram-se pesquisas no PubMed, Web of Science e Science Direct usando palavras-chave específicas relacionadas a insetos comestíveis e alergias. Os critérios de inclusão foram estudos humanos publicados entre 2012 e 2022, artigos escritos em idiomas europeus; utilizaram-se dois conjuntos de palavras-chave. A extração de dados foi realizada de forma independente por dois investigadores e construiu-se ainda um formulário padronizado com base na ferramenta da Cochrane Collaboration para avaliar o risco de viés para estudos em humanos. RESULTADOS: Os trabalhos consultados evidenciaram a significância clínica dos alérgenos na larva Mopane numa comunidade rural africana ocupacionalmente exposta, com 50% dos participantes alérgicos e com sintomas respiratórios. Um relato de caso descreveu ainda uma anafilaxia alimentar grave em França, causada pelo consumo de uma larva da farinha cozida num indivíduo alérgico a APD, mas não a crustáceos; as proteínas específicas identificadas como alérgenos incluíram a hexamerina, a tropomiosina, a α-amilase (estruturalmente semelhante ao APD) e proteínas da cutícula da larva A1A e A2B. A reatividade cruzada entre grilos e camarões foi demonstrada num outro trabalho, com a tropomiosina identificada como o principal alérgeno. Noutro estudo, demonstrou-se ainda a reatividade cruzada entre alérgenos de larva da farinha, crustáceos e APD, com a tropomiosina e a arginina quinase identificadas como os principais alérgenos de reação cruzada. Um estudo sobre o efeito do processamento térmico na alergenicidade demonstrou que algumas proteínas eram termoestáveis e que o efeito do tratamento térmico no reconhecimento cruzado de IgE dos alérgenos era específico da proteína, da espécie e do tratamento. Apesar de o processamento térmico reduzir parcialmente a alergenicidade cruzada, pacientes alérgicos a APD, camarão e larvas foram aconselhados a serem cautelosos ao consumir insetos. CONCLUSÃO: Os estudos consultados destacam a necessidade de cautela ao consumir insetos edíveis em indivíduos com alergias conhecidas a alérgenos relacionados, e forneceram informações relevantes sobre potencial alergénico, reatividade cruzada e impacto do processamento na compreensão e gestão dos riscos alérgicos associados aos insetos edíveis.BACKGROUND: Eating insects is a common practice in Africa, Asia, Australia or Latin America, where insects constitute an important source of nutrients. Edible insects farming is environmentally friendly, requiring less food, water and land use, and emit lower greenhouse gases, compared to traditional animal protein sources. Such circumstances prompted interest from Western countries and in Europe, edible insects as an emerging food source can be framed in the category of novel foods and novel food ingredients. Even so, there are some concerns about food safety issues, such as food allergies due to direct sensitization and due to imunoglobulins E (Ig E) cross-reactivity between insects, crustaceous and house dust mite (HDM) allergens, generally known as pan- allergens. In the view of the possibility of insect farming and commercialization in Europe, the European Food Safety Authority has requested scientific risk assessments on the use of insects as food, with particular focus on allergenicity. This study aimed to perform a systematic review to update information regarding allergenicity of insects. METHODS: To conduct this review, comprehensive searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct using specific keywords related to edible insects and allergies. The inclusion criteria were focused on human studies published between 2012 and 2022, two sets of keywords were utilized, and only articles written in European languages were included. Data extraction was conducted independently by two researchers, encompassing study characteristics and outcomes. A standardized form was also constructed based on the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias for human studies. RESULTS: The consulted studies evinced clinical significance of mopane worm allergens in an African rural community exposed form harvesting, with 50% of the participants sensitized and exhibiting respiratory health symptoms. Additionally, a case report described a severe food anaphylaxis in France caused by consuming a cooked mealworm larva in a subject who was allergic to HDM but not crustaceans; the specific proteins in the mealworm identified as allergens included hexamerin, tropomyosin, α-amylase (structurally similar to house dust mite), and larva cuticle proteins A1A and A2B. Cross-reactivity studies conducted to investigate allergenic similarities between different insects, showed also cross-allergenicity between cricket and shrimp, with tropomyosin identified as a major allergen. In another work, cross-reactivity between yellow mealworm allergens, crustaceans, and house dust mite was also demonstrated, with tropomyosin and arginine kinase identified as major cross-reactive allergens. A study on the effect of thermal processing on allergenicity showed that some proteins were thermostable, and that the effect of thermal treatment on the IgE cross-recognition of the allergens was protein-, species- and treatment- specific. Despite it was achieved that thermal processing partially reduces cross-allergenicity, HDM, shrimp and mealworm allergic patients were advised to be cautious about consuming insects. CONCLUSION: These studies highlight the need for caution when consuming edible insects, particularly for individuals with known allergies to related allergens. They provide valuable information on allergenic potential, cross-reactivity, and the impact of processing methods, helping to better understand and manage allergic risks associated with edible insects.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Carcinogenic Ability of Schistosoma Haematobium Possibly through Oncogenic Mutation of KRAS Gene

Schistosoma haematobium is a parasitic flatworm that infects millions of people, mostly in the developing world, and is associated with high incidence of bladder cancer, although why is not clear. Previously, we have used CD-1 mice to show that Schistosoma haematobium total antigen (Sh) has a carcinogenic ability. Sh intravesically instillation induced the development of several urothelial lesions, namely nodular hyperplasia and dysplasia (LGIUN—Low Grade Intra-Urothelial Neoplasia) after 40 weeks of treatment. These results suggested that Sh induce urothelium malignization. Bladder carcinoma frequently harbours gene mutations that constitutively activate the receptor tyrosine kinase-Ras pathway for this reason we studied activating mutations in KRAS gene. Twenty percent of the bladders with dysplasia presented a KRAS mutation in codon 12 of exon 2. We concluded from these results that the parasite extract of S. haematobium has carcinogenic ability possibly through oncogenic mutation of KRAS gene