Semeadura de soja com diferentes mecanismos dosadores de precisão e velocidades de trabalho

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (graduação)— Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, 2018.Os mecanismos dosadores devem realizar a precisa dosagem e distribuição longitudinal de sementes no sulco de semeadura, evitando espaçamentos falhos e duplos, proporcionando estande ideal de plantas e, consequentemente,maior produtividade de grãos da cultura. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar em condição de campo a plantabilidade e produtividade de soja utilizando diferentes mecanismos dosadoresde sementes evelocidades de semeadura. O experimento foi realizado à campo na Fazenda Experimental Água Limpa (FAL/UnB), situada em Brasília/DF e pertencente à Universidade de Brasília. As sementes de soja utilizadas foram da cultivar FOCO 74I77 RSF IPRO, semeadas com semeadora-adubadora marca Jumil® , modelo JM3060PD com sete linhas de semeadura espaçadas em 0,5 m. Os mecanismos dosadores de sementes utilizados foram o de disco horizontal convencional, conforme equipado originalmente pela fabricante da semeadoraadubadora, e o Titanium® com disco horizontal rampflow. Para ambos dosadores a densidade de semeadura adotada foi de 20 sementes m-1 . O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado de um fatorial 2 x 3 com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos constituídos por mecanismo dosador de sementes (Titanium® e convencional) e velocidade operacional (4, 6 e 8 km h-1 ). As parcelas experimentais foram de 50 m de comprimento e 3,5 m de largura cada. Foram avaliadas a distribuição longitudinal das sementes no sulco de semeadura, sendo os espaçamentos classificados em falhos, duplos e aceitáveis, conforme metodologia descrita por ABNT (1994); o índice de precisão, conforme metodologia proposta por Mahl et al. (2004); e produtividade de grãos, conforme Brasil (2009). Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p ≤ 5%). Concluiu-seque o mecanismo dosador Titanium® possibilita menor índice de falhas e maior de aceitáveis nasvelocidades de 6 e 8 km h-1. O índice de duplas não difere entre dosadores, porém difere entre velocidades, sendo maior a 8 km h-1 com o Titanium®que com o convencional. A velocidade de semeadurae o mecanismo dosador interferemna produtividade de grãos de soja apenas na velocidade de 8 km h-1, sendo a produtividadede grãos maior com o dosador Titanium®.The seed dosing mechanism must perform the precise dosing and equidistant distribution of the seeds in the sowing groove, avoiding faulty and double spacing, providing the ideal amount of plants and, hence, higher grain crop yield. The study intended to evaluate on the field, the efficiency of soybean seeding using Titanium® precision metering mechanism and conventional horizontal disc at different operating speeds. The experiment was carried out at Fazenda Água Limpa, located in Brasília/DF which belongs to the University of Brasília (FAL / UnB). The soy seeds used were the cultivar FOCO 74I77 RSF IPRO, seeded with seeder-fertilizer Jumil® ,model JM3060PD with seven planting rolls, distant 0.5 m from each other. The seeding mechanisms tested were the horizontal conventional disc, as originally manufactured, and the Titanium® with horizontal rampflow disc. For both dosing mechanisms, the sowing density is 20 seeds per meter. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments (conventional dosing mechanism and Titanium®) and three operating speeds (4, 6 and 8 km h-1), with four replicates each. Each section measures 50 m length and 3.5 m width. The longitudinal distribution of the seeds in the sowing groove was evaluated, and the spacings were classified as flawed, double and acceptable, according to the methodology described by ABNT (1994); accuracy index, according to the methodology proposed by Mahl et al. (2004); and grain yield according to Brasil (2009). The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey test (p ≤ 5%). It was verifiedthat the Titanium®provides lower rate of flawedseeding and greater rate of acceptable seeding at 6 and 8 km h-1. The rate of double seeding does not differ among the dosimeters, but among the speeds, it is higher at 8 km h-1 with Titanium® .The sowing speed and the dosing mechanism only interfere in the yield of soybean grains at 8 km h-1 , as the yield of soybean grain is higher with the Titanium®

Semeadura de soja com mecanismo dosador agrupado pneumático

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, 2021.A soja é a cultura que ocupa a maior extensão territorial no Brasil, ranquiando o país como o maior produtor no mundo durante a safra 2019/20. Convencionalmente a semeadura da cultura é realizada de forma mecanizada, distribuindo as sementes de forma individualizada e equidistante ao longo do sulco de semeadura, contudo, outra alternativa é a dosagem e distribuição de forma agrupada, sem alterações à população de plantas. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as características agronômicas e desempenho operacional da semeadura de soja com mecanismo dosador de sementes agrupado pneumático. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Santa Maria, município de Unaí - MG, sendo utilizada uma semeadora adubadora da marca John Deere, modelo 2122 CCS, de 20 linhas, espaçadas a 0,5 m, equipadas com mecanismo dosador de sementes pneumático, tracionada por um trator da mesma marca, modelo 7225J, 4 x 2 TDA de 165,48 kW (225cv) de potência. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 3, sendo dois arranjos de semeadura (agrupado e convencional) e três velocidades de semeadura (4,5; 5,2 e 6 km h-1), com quatro repetições por tratamento, perfazendo o total de 24 parcelas experimentais. As variáveis de características agronômicas avaliadas foram: índice de velocidade de emergência das plântulas, população inicial, altura de inserção da primeira vagem, altura de plantas, diâmetro de haste, número de ramos, número de vagens por planta, massa de mil grãos, produtividade de grãos e incidência de ferrugens foliares. As variáveis avaliadas de desempenho operacional da semeadura foram: dano mecânico nas sementes, distribuição longitudinal de sementes e de grupos de sementes. Os resultados evidenciaram incremento produtivo entre 39,9 e 20,7% para o arranjo de semeadura agrupada nas velocidades de 4,5 e 5,2 km h-1, respectivamente. A maior velocidade de semeadura limita o agrupamento de sementes para o arranjo de semeadura agrupada.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).Soybean is the crop that occupies the largest territorial extension in Brazil, ranking the country as the largest producer in the world during the 2019/20 harvest. Conventionally the sowing of the crop is carried out in a mechanized way, distributing the seeds individually and equidistant along the sowing furrow, however, another alternative is the grouped distribution of seeds, without alterations to the plant population. The aim of the work was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics and operational performance of soybean sowing with pneumatic grouped seed dosing mechanism. The experiment was carried out at Fazenda Santa Maria, municipality of Unaí - MG, using a John Deere seeder-fertilizer machine, model 2122 CCS, with 20 rows, spaced at 0,5 m, equipped with a pneumatic, metered seed dosing mechanism. by a tractor of the same brand, model 7225J, 4 x 2 TDA of 165.48 kW (225hp) of power. The experimental design adopted was completely randomized in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme, with two sowing arrangements (grouped and conventional) and three sowing speeds (4,5; 5,2 and 6 km h-1), with four repetitions per treatment, making a total of 24 experimental plots. The variables of agronomic characteristics evaluated were: seedling emergence speed index, initial population, height of first pod insertion, plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, number of pods per plant, mass of a thousand grains, productivity of grains and incidence of leaf rust. The variables evaluated for operational sowing performance were: mechanical damage to seeds, longitudinal distribution of seeds and groups of seeds. The results showed a productive increase between 39,9 and 20,7% for the grouped sowing arrangement at speeds of 4,5 and 5,2 km h-1, respectively. The higher sowing speed limits the grouping of seeds for the grouped sowing arrangement

OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF AN AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR UNDER DIFFERENT TIRE INFLATION PRESSURES IN THE SUBSOILING OPERATION

For the agricultural tractor's best performance, it must be correctly adapted to the job. Among other factors, the adequacy of tire inflation pressure is one of the most important and may influence the operation's efficiency and productivity. This study aimed to evaluate an agricultural tractor's operational performance with different tire inflation pressures in the subsoiling operation. The study was carried out in an experimental area of the Agricultural Machinery and Mechanization Laboratory of the experimental farm “Água Limpa,” belonging to the University of Brasília. The experimental design used was in randomized blocks with the following values, 206.8 kPa (30 psi), 137.9 kPa (20 psi), and 68.9 kPa (10 psi), of inflation pressure for agricultural tractor tires. The mechanized set used was a tractor model TM7020 2WD MFWD pulling a subsoiler with five shanks, SPCR model, in a Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo. The higher inflation pressure resulted in greater slippage, advance, hourly fuel consumption, and lower speed and operational field capacity

SOYBEAN PERFORMANCE IN GROUPED AND CONVENTIONAL SOWING WITH PNEUMATIC SEEDER AT DIFFERENT OPERATIONAL SPEEDS

Convencionalmente a semeadura da soja é realizada distribuindo as sementes de forma individualizada e equidistante ao longo do sulco de semeadura. uma possível alternativa é a dosagem e distribuição agrupada de sementes, apenas rearranjando-as. Sendo assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as características agronômicas da soja semeada com disco dosador de sementes convencional e agrupado sob diferentes velocidades operacionais. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 3, sendo dois arranjos de semeadura, agrupado e convencional, e três velocidades de semeadura 4,5; 5,2 e 6 km h-1, com quatro repetições cada. Os resultados evidenciam incremento produtivo entre 20,7% e 39,9% para o arranjo agrupado nas velocidades de 5,2 e 4,5 km h-1, respectivamente. A maior velocidade de semeadura limita o agrupamento de sementes para o arranjo agrupado. Conventionally, soybean sowing is carried out by distributing the seeds individually and equidistantly along the sowing furrow. An alternative is the grouped dosage and distribution of seeds, just rearranging them. The aim of this work was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of soybean sown with a grouped and conventional seed metering disc in a pneumatic seeder at different operating speeds. The experimental design adopted was completely randomized (CRD) under a 2 x 3 factorial scheme, with two spatial sowing arrangements, grouped and conventional, and three sowing speeds, 4.5; 5.2 e 6 km h-1, resulting in six treatments with four repetitions each. The results show a productive increase between 20.7% and 39.9% for the grouped arrangement at speeds of 5.2 and 4.5 km h-1, respectively. The higher sowing speed, limits the grouping of seeds to the grouped arrangement

DESEMPENHO OPERACIONAL E DISTRIBUIÇÃO LONGITUDINAL DE SEMENTES POR SEMEADORA DE PRECISÃO SUBMETIDA À DIFERENTES CALIBRAGENS DO RODADO

As regulagens da semeadora-adubadora são cruciais para a correta distribuição dos insumos, melhorando assim o desempenho operacional. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a distribuição longitudinal de sementes e o desempenho operacional de uma semeadora-adubadora de precisão em função de diferentes pressões de insuflagem dos pneumáticos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, sendo os tratamentos três pressões de insuflagem dos pneus (138, 241 e 345 kPa), repetidos em seis blocos, totalizando 18 parcelas de 60 m de comprimento e 4,5 m de largura cada. Realizou-se avaliações de consumo de combustível horário (Chc), velocidade operacional (V), deslizamento dos pneus (DP), capacidade de campo operacional (Cco), distância entre sementes (DES), coeficiente de variação do espaçamento entre sementes (CVes) e índice de precisão da distribuição (IP). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P ≤ 0,05). Os resultados indicaram maior Chc e DP pela pressão 345 kPa. Menor falha, dupla, CVes, e maior IP, foram obtidos pela pressão 241 kPa. Cco não diferiu. Salienta-se que para cada tipo de máquina e condição de superfície do solo, seja necessário o refinamento da pressão dos pneus e regulagens da máquina. Palavras-chave: pressão; insuflagem; consumo de combustível; patinagem; plantabilidade.   Operational performance and longitudinal distribution of seeds by precision seeder submitted to different calibrations of the wheel   ABSTRACT: The settings of the seeder-fertilizer are crucial for the correct distribution of inputs, thus improving operational performance. The objective of the work was to evaluate the longitudinal distribution of seeds and the operational performance of a precision seed drill-fertilizer in function of different tire insufflation pressures. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, with three tire insufflation pressures from the seeder-fertilizer (138, 241 and 345 kPa), repeated in six blocks, totaling 18 plots of 60 m long and 4.5 m wide each. Hourly fuel consumption (Chc), operational speed (V), tire slip (DP), operational field capacity (Cco), distance between seeds (DES), variation coefficient of spacing between seeds were performed (CVes) and distribution accuracy index (IP). The data were subjected to analysis of variance and the means compared by the Tukey test (P ≤ 0.05). The results indicated higher Chc and DP by the 345 kPa pressure. Minor failure, double, CVes, and higher IP, were obtained by pressure 241 kPa. Cco did not differ. It should be noted that for each type of machine and soil surface condition, refinement of tire pressure and machine adjustments is necessary. Keywords: pressure; insufflation; fuel consumption; skating; plantability

OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF AN AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR UNDER DIFFERENT TIRE INFLATION PRESSURES IN THE SUBSOILING OPERATION

For the agricultural tractor's best performance, it must be correctly adapted to the job. Among other factors, the adequacy of tire inflation pressure is one of the most important and may influence the operation's efficiency and productivity. This study aimed to evaluate an agricultural tractor's operational performance with different tire inflation pressures in the subsoiling operation. The study was carried out in an experimental area of the Agricultural Machinery and Mechanization Laboratory of the experimental farm “Água Limpa,” belonging to the University of Brasília. The experimental design used was in randomized blocks with the following values, 206.8 kPa (30 psi), 137.9 kPa (20 psi), and 68.9 kPa (10 psi), of inflation pressure for agricultural tractor tires. The mechanized set used was a tractor model TM7020 2WD MFWD pulling a subsoiler with five shanks, SPCR model, in a Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo. The higher inflation pressure resulted in greater slippage, advance, hourly fuel consumption, and lower speed and operational field capacity

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora