PREVALENCE OF HUMAN ECHINOCOCCOSIS USING IMAGING TECHNIQUES IN YANAHUANCA, PASCO

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de hidatidosis humana en nueve comunidades rurales del distrito de Yanahuanca, Pasco, empleando como técnicas de diagnóstico la ecografía abdominal y la radiografía de tórax. Además, se evaluó la asociación entre las variables edad, género y comunidad de procedencia y la presencia de pobladores positivos a quistes hidatídicos. La ecografía se realizó a 949 personas (52% de la población mayor de 5 años) y el examen radiográfico a 829 (45.6%). La prevalencia general de hidatidosis fue de 5.5% (52/949) con un intervalo de confianza al 95% de 4.1 a 7.1%. Se halló asociación estadística (p<0.05) entre edad con el resultado positivo al examen ecográfico, siendo las personas mayores de 40 años las que presentaron un mayor porcentaje. La relación de quistes hidatídicos hepáticos / pulmonares fue de 5.1. El 56% (25/45) de los quistes detectados por ecografía presentaron parcial o completa calcificación. La prevalencia obtenida es una de las más altas en Latinoamérica, posiblemente por la convivencia del poblador andino con el perro, dado su uso en el cuidado y pastoreo del ganado ovino, además de las deficientes condiciones higiénico-sanitarias, y bajos niveles socioeconómicos y culturales.The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of human echinococcosis in nine communities of the district of Yanahuanca, Pasco, through abdominal echography and thorax radiography. In addition, the association between age, gender, and community with the disease was evaluated. Echographic examination was conducted in 949 persons (52% of the population over 5 years of age) and X ray test was performed in 829 (45.6%). The overall prevalence of human cystic echinococcosis was 5.5% (52/949) and the 95% confidence interval varied from 4.1 to 7.1%. There was statistical association (p<0.05) between age with positive results when using the ultrasound exam. The liver / lung hydatid cyst ratio was 5:1. Partial or total calcified cysts were detected by echographical examination (56%, 25/45). The prevalence of human hydatidosis in this endemic area of Peru is one of the highest in Latin America, possibly due to the close interaction with dogs, as they shepherd the flocks, plus poor sanitation and hygiene conditions in the area

EXPOSICIÓN A Leptospira sp. EN ESTUDIANTES DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA AL INICIO Y TÉRMINO DE LA CARRERA

Leptospirosis is globally known as the most prevalent zoonotic disease, caused by different Leptospira sp. serovars. In urban areas, exposure is mainly related to certain occupational health groups, such as veterinary students. The objective of the research was to determine the rate of serorreactors to leptospira in veterinary students on two stages of their studies, at the beginning (sophomore students) and at the end (senior students). Pool serum samples were analized by the microagglutination test (MAT) for serovars canicola, icterohemorragiae, grippotyphosa, georgia, pomona and hardjo. Positive result were 18.4% (7/38) for sophomore students and 8.8% (7/80) for seniors. The positive serovars were georgia for the sophomore students, and georgia, icterohemorragiae and canicola for the seniors. The risk of infection was 2.4 (0.76 – 7.28) (p=0.137) comparing sophomore versus seniors. Exposure to Leptospira infection was demonstrated in veterinary students showing the need for more research on the main risk factors related to its presentation.La leptospirosis es la enfermedad zoonótica de mayor prevalencia a nivel mundial, la cual es causada por diferentes serovares de Leptospira sp. En el medio urbano, la población expuesta corresponde a grupos ocupacionales, entre los que se encuentran los estudiantes de ciencias veterinarias. Para determinar la frecuencia de serorreactores en estudiantes de medicina veterinaria en dos etapas de la carrera (ingresantes y prácticas finales), se tomaron muestras de sangre que fueron analizadas mediante la prueba de microaglutinación de grupos para los serovares canicola, icterohemorragiae, grippotyphosa, georgia, pomona y hardjo. El 18.4% (7/38) de ingresantes y 8.8% (7/ 80) de alumnos de prácticas finales resultaron seropositivos. Los serovares reactivos fueron georgia en ingresantes, y georgia, icterohemorragiae y canicola en alumnos de prácticas finales. El riesgo de infección fue de 2.4 (0.76 – 7.28) (p=0.137) cuando se comparó ingresantes versus prácticas finales. Se demostró la presencia de exposición a infecciones por leptospira en alumnos de veterinaria, lo que hace necesario investigar los potenciales factores de riesgo asociados a su presentación

Identification of genetic variants associated with Huntington's disease progression: a genome-wide association study

Background Huntington's disease is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, HTT. Age at onset has been used as a quantitative phenotype in genetic analysis looking for Huntington's disease modifiers, but is hard to define and not always available. Therefore, we aimed to generate a novel measure of disease progression and to identify genetic markers associated with this progression measure. Methods We generated a progression score on the basis of principal component analysis of prospectively acquired longitudinal changes in motor, cognitive, and imaging measures in the 218 indivduals in the TRACK-HD cohort of Huntington's disease gene mutation carriers (data collected 2008–11). We generated a parallel progression score using data from 1773 previously genotyped participants from the European Huntington's Disease Network REGISTRY study of Huntington's disease mutation carriers (data collected 2003–13). We did a genome-wide association analyses in terms of progression for 216 TRACK-HD participants and 1773 REGISTRY participants, then a meta-analysis of these results was undertaken. Findings Longitudinal motor, cognitive, and imaging scores were correlated with each other in TRACK-HD participants, justifying use of a single, cross-domain measure of disease progression in both studies. The TRACK-HD and REGISTRY progression measures were correlated with each other (r=0·674), and with age at onset (TRACK-HD, r=0·315; REGISTRY, r=0·234). The meta-analysis of progression in TRACK-HD and REGISTRY gave a genome-wide significant signal (p=1·12 × 10−10) on chromosome 5 spanning three genes: MSH3, DHFR, and MTRNR2L2. The genes in this locus were associated with progression in TRACK-HD (MSH3 p=2·94 × 10−8 DHFR p=8·37 × 10−7 MTRNR2L2 p=2·15 × 10−9) and to a lesser extent in REGISTRY (MSH3 p=9·36 × 10−4 DHFR p=8·45 × 10−4 MTRNR2L2 p=1·20 × 10−3). The lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in TRACK-HD (rs557874766) was genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis (p=1·58 × 10−8), and encodes an aminoacid change (Pro67Ala) in MSH3. In TRACK-HD, each copy of the minor allele at this SNP was associated with a 0·4 units per year (95% CI 0·16–0·66) reduction in the rate of change of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) Total Motor Score, and a reduction of 0·12 units per year (95% CI 0·06–0·18) in the rate of change of UHDRS Total Functional Capacity score. These associations remained significant after adjusting for age of onset. Interpretation The multidomain progression measure in TRACK-HD was associated with a functional variant that was genome-wide significant in our meta-analysis. The association in only 216 participants implies that the progression measure is a sensitive reflection of disease burden, that the effect size at this locus is large, or both. Knockout of Msh3 reduces somatic expansion in Huntington's disease mouse models, suggesting this mechanism as an area for future therapeutic investigation

DETERMINACIÓN DE LA PRESENCIA DE Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis EN ALPACAS Y LLAMAS EN LA ZONA DE PUNO.

The presence of Camplylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis in South Americancamelides was evaluated. The animals were from the INIA-Quimsachata Research Centrelocated in the department of Puno. Vaginal and preputial swabs were collected from 244alpacas and llamas between February and March 2007. Samples were analyzed by thedirect immunofluorescence test using a commercial conjugate. None of the samplesresulted positive. The probable mean prevalences using the @Risk software were 0.069 and 0.096% in alpacas and llamas respectively.Se evaluó la presencia del Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis en camélidos sudamericanos del Centro de Investigación y Producción Quimsachata, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria, ubicado en el departamento de Puno. Se hicieron hisopados de los fluidos vaginales y prepuciales en 244 alpacas y llamas, entre febrero y marzo de 2007. Las muestras se analizaron mediante la prueba de inmunofluorescencia directa, utilizando un conjugado comercial. Ninguna muestra resultó positiva. La probable prevalencia media, mediante el programa @Risk®, fue de 0.069 y de 0.096% en alpacas y llamas, respectivamente

OBTENCIÓN DE echinococcus GRANULOSUS EN CANINOS INFECTADOS EXPERIMENTALMENTE CON PROTOESCÓLICES DE QUISTES HIDATÍDICOS.

The objective of the present study was to experimentally reproduce the biological cycle of Echinococcus granulosus in dogs. Twelve dogs, 4-50 months old, were infected with 80,000-308,000 protoscolices recovered from lung and liver hidatyd cysts in sheep reared in the central highlands of Peru. Dogs were slaughtered 28-39 days post infection (p.i) and the small intestine was divided in three equal portions (anterior, medium, and posterior) and parasites were counted. The location of parasites in the three portions of intestine was recorded in three dogs. Eight out of 12 dogs resulted positive to the infection and the number of parasites varied from 1,299 till 65,000 per dog. Animals slaughtered on the 28th p.i day resulted negative. The preferred site for parasites was the medium portion of the small intestine. It was shown that the oral inoculation of protoscolices from sheep hydatic cysts was effective to reproduce the biological cycle of the E. granulosus in dogs.El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo reproducir experimentalmente el ciclo biológico del Echinococcus granulosus en perros. Se utilizó 12 perros (4-50 meses de edad) que fueron infectados experimentalmente con 80,000 a 308,000 protoescólices de quistes hidatídicos de pulmón e hígado de ovinos procedentes de Junín y Ayacucho. Los perros se sacrificaron 28 a 39 días post infección (p.i). El intestino delgado se dividió en tres porciones iguales (anterior, media y posterior). Los parásitos fueron separados del intestino y contados. Además, en tres perros se determinó el grado de dispersión del parásito en las tres porciones del intestino delgado. Ocho de los 12 perros se infectaron, recolectándose entre 1,299 a 65,000 parásitos adultos por perro. Los animales sacrificados el día 28 p.i resultaron negativos, mientras que ocho de los nueve perros sacrificados a partir del día 30 p.i. resultaron positivos. El sitio de mayor predilección del parásito fue la porción media del intestino delgado. Se demostró que la inoculación de protoescólices de quistes hidatídicos ovinos, vía oral, es efectiva para para reproducir el ciclo biológico del E. granulosus en perros

Rojas Immunology

Es la acción conjunta de células y moléculas que nos defienden de las agresiones externas por agentes infecciosos y de las agresiones internas producidas por infecciones virales y por alteraciones celulares ocasionadas por el desarrollo de afecciones autoinmunes o por tumores malignos.Origen de macrófagos tisulares.Linfocitos de la inmunidad innata.Actualización de las citoquinas.Actualización de la respuesta inmune a todos los procesos infecciosos.Actualización de todo lo relacionado con las enfermedades autoinmunes

Genome-Wide Analysis of Copy Number Variation in Latin American Parkinson's Disease Patients

Background Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and affects people from all ethnic backgrounds, yet little is known about the genetics of Parkinson's disease in non-European populations. In addition, the overall identification of copy number variants at a genome-wide level has been understudied in Parkinson's patients. The objective of this study was to understand the genome-wide burden of copy number variants in Latinos and its association with Parkinson's disease. Methods We used genome-wide genotyping data from 747 Parkinson's disease patients and 632 controls from the Latin American Research Consortium on the Genetics of Parkinson's disease. Results Genome-wide copy number burden analysis showed that patients were significantly enriched for copy number variants overlapping known Parkinson's disease genes compared with controls (odds ratio, 3.97; 95%CI, 1.69-10.5; P = 0.018). PRKN showed the strongest copy number burden, with 20 copy number variant carriers. These patients presented an earlier age of disease onset compared with patients with other copy number variants (median age at onset, 31 vs 57 years, respectively; P = 7.46 x 10(-7)). Conclusions We found that although overall genome-wide copy number variant burden was not significantly different, Parkinson's disease patients were significantly enriched with copy number variants affecting known Parkinson's disease genes. We also identified that of 250 patients with early-onset disease, 5.6% carried a copy number variant on PRKN in our cohort. Our study is the first to analyze genome-wide copy number variant association in Latino Parkinson's disease patients and provides insights about this complex disease in this understudied population. (c) 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Societ