A ATIVIDADE EDUCATIVA DOS JESUÍTAS NO JAPÃO (1549-1597)

Trata-se de uma resenha.Trata-se de uma resenha.A obra intitulada “Os jesuítas no Japão (1549-1597): os desafios da missão numa sociedade letrada”, foi escrita pela professora e pesquisadora Marli Delmônico de Araújo Futata. Trata-se de uma obra que seguiu com rigor as exigências do campo da História da Educação, tendo como método de análise o da Ciência da História. Pela ausência de pesquisas sobre a temática, o livro, aqui apresentado, torna-se uma leitura fundamental àqueles que desejam aprofundar as discussões sobre os Jesuítas e suas contribuições para o campo da Educação

As competências como factor de legitimação para o recrutamento e o exercício de funções públicas de funcionários e dirigentes na administração pública portuguesa

Comunicação apresentada no XV Congresso Internacional del CLAD sobre la Reforma del Estado y de la Administración Pública em Santo Domingo, República Dominicana, de 9 a 12 de Novembro de 2010

Preliminary Assessment of the Chemical Stability of Dried Extracts from Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (Sterculiaceae)

We report the results of a preliminary estimation of the stability of the dried extract from bark of Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (“Mutamba”), with and without added colloidal silicon dioxide (CSD). The physical and chemical properties and the compatibility of CSD in the extract were evaluated for 21 days of storage under stress conditions of temperature (45 ± 2°C) and humidity (75 ± 5%). Thermogravimetry (TG) was supplemented using selective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for determination of stability of the characteristic constituents (chemical markers), namely, procyanidin B2 (PB2) and epicatechin (EP). The results showed that PB2 is an appropriate compound to be used as a chemical marker in the quality control of dried extracts of G. ulmifolia. The stress study showed that there was no significant difference between the two formulations. However, considering the TG data and the high temperatures involved, the results suggest that CSD increases the stability of the dried extract of G. ulmifolia

Evaluation of the interacion of gallic acid and pharmaceutical excipients employed in solid dosage forms

Neste trabalho foram avaliados o comportamento do ácido gálico e de adjuvantes tecnológicos frequentemente empregados em formas farmacêuticas sólida, e das suas misturas físicas, através de métodos termoanalíticos e por espectroscopia de infravermelho. Foi investigada também a influência da compactação sobre as misturas físicas equiponderais. Os adjuvantes avaliados foram amidoglicolato de sódio, celulose microcristalina, croscarmelose sódica, crospovidona, dióxido de silício coloidal, estearato de magnésio e polimetacrilato. O ácido gálico apresentou um comportamento térmico diferenciado nas misturas, assumindo, provavelmente, uma forma instável com menor ponto de fusão. Os resultados obtidos por DSC demonstraram interação de natureza física com mudança de entalpia para misturas do ácido gálico com celulose microcristalina, crospovidona, estearato de magnésio e polimetacrilato. A interação não pode ser confirmada por espectroscopia de infravermelho para a crospovidona e polimetacrilato, devido à sobreposição das bandas com o ácido gálico. Os demais adjuvantes também apresentaram interação física, porém, sem alteração da entalpia, confirmada por espectroscopia de infravermelho, relacionada ao estabelecimento de ligações de hidrogênio entre os componentes da mistura. A compactação demonstrou particular influência sobre a interação com celulose microcristalina, croscarmelose sódica e crospovidona.In this work were evaluated the behavior of the gallic acid and technological excipients used in sold dosage forms and their physical powder mixtures, by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimety (TGA) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The influence of the compression force on the 1:1 (w/w) physical mixtures was also investigated. The excipients evaluated were sodium starch glycolate, microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, colloidal silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate and polymethacrylate. Gallic acid presented a different thermal behavior in the mixtures, assuming, probably, an unstable form with a lower melting point. The results obtained by (DSC) demonstrated the occurrence of physical interactions with enthalpy changes for the mixtures of gallic acid with microcrystalline cellulose, crospovidone, magnesium stearate and polymethacrylate. The interaction could not be confirmed by infrared spectroscopy for crospovidone and polymethacrylate, due to overlapping of the gallic acid IR bands. The other excipients also presented physical interaction, however, without alteration of the enthalpy, confirmed by IR, which could be correlated to the establishment of hydrogen bonds between the components of the mixture. The compression of the powder mixtures demonstrated a particular influence of the interaction of gallic acid with microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium and crospovidone

Development of an analytical method using reversed-phase HPLC-PDA for a semipurified extract of Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis (guaraná)

AbstractThe Neotropical plant ‘guaraná’ has been widely used in medicine, cosmetics, and industry because of its versatile biological activities. These effects are mainly attributed to the presence of polyphenols. An efficient, precise, and reliable method was developed for quantification of the polyphenols catechin and epicatechin in guaraná extract solution, using HPLC-PDA detection. The ideal conditions for the analysis of a semipurified extract of guaraná (EPA), using solutions of 0.05% TFA–water (phase A) and 0.05% TFA in acetonitrile:methanol (75:25, vv−1) (phase B) as mobile phases were established. Gradient reversed-phase chromatography was performed using a guard cartridge (C18, 4.6mm×20mm, 4μm) and column (C18, 250mm×4.6mm, 4μm), flow of 0.5mLmin−1 and detection at 280nm. The main validation parameters of the method were also determined. The method was linear over a range of 18.75–300μgmL−1 for catechin and epicatechin, with detection limits of 0.70 and 0.88μgmL−1 and quantification limits of 2.13 and 2.67μgmL−1, respectively. The method also showed consistent mean recoveries of 91.3±3.8%, 2.14 RSD and 93.4±3.1, 2.74 RSD of catechin and epicatechin respectively. The relative standard deviations were relatively low: intra-day (0.72% and 0.66% for catechin and epicatechin, respectively) and inter-day (0.93% and 0.75% for catechin and epicatechin, respectively). The semipurified extract showed catechin, epicatechin, and caffeine contents of 180.75, 278.87, and 300.87μgmg−1, respectively. The results demonstrated the efficiency, precision, accuracy, and robustness of the proposed method. The solutions remained stable for a sufficient time (one week) to complete the analytical process

Microparticles containing guaraná extract obtained by spray-drying technique: development and characterization

AbstractGuaraná (Paullinia cupana Kunth, Sapindaceae) is well known for its dietary and pharmaceutical potential, and the semipurified extract of guaraná shows antidepressant and panicolytic effects. However, the low solubility, bioavailability and stability of the semipurified extract limit its use as a component of pharmaceutical agents. Delivery of the semipurified extract in a microparticle form could help to optimize its stability. In this study, microparticles containing semipurified extract of guaraná were obtained by the spray-drying technique, using a combination of maltodextrin and gum arabic. The raw materials and microparticles produced were characterized by particle size analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The drug content and antioxidant capacity were also evaluated. In vitrodissolution tests using flow cell dissolution apparatus, were carried out to investigate the influence of formulation parameters on the release of semipurified extract of guaraná from the microparticles. The spray-drying technique and the processing conditions selected gave satisfactory encapsulation efficiency (80–110%) and product yield (55–60%). The mean diameter of microparticles was around 4.5 µm. The DPPH radical scavenging capacity demonstrated that microparticles can protect the semipurified extract of guaraná from the effect of high temperatures during the process maintained the antioxidant capacity. Differential scanning calorimetry results indicated an interaction between semipurified extract of guaraná and gum arabic: maltodextrin in the microparticles, and thermogravimetric analysis indicate that the profile curves of the microparticles are similar to the adjuvants used in drying, probably due to the higher proportion of adjuvants compared to semipurified extract of guaraná. In vitro dissolution tests demonstrate that all formulations complete dissolution within 60 min. Microencapsulation improved the technological characteristics of the powders and preserved the antioxidant properties. The study demonstrated the feasibility of producing these microparticles for a one-step process using spray drying. The composition of each formulation influenced the physical and chemical characteristics. This spray-drying technique can be used as an efficient and economical approach to produce semipurified extract of guaraná microparticles

<b>Fitoterápicos: um mercado promissor</b>

<p align="justify">Observa-se na Fitoterapia uma tendência de contribuição efetiva à saúde da população. Por consequência, a padronização de fitomedicamentos é um pré-requisito para a garantia da qualidade, bem como para a constância dos efeitos terapêuticos e segurança do usuário. A validação de processo analítico deve garantir, através de evidências experimentais, que o método atenda às exigências das aplicações analíticas, assegurando a confiabilidade dos resultados. Assim, os equipamentos e materiais de laboratório devem ser devidamente calibrados e o analista qualificado. As substâncias químicas de referência devem ser certificadas por compêndios oficiais, como as Farmacopeias ou por outros códigos autorizados pela legislação vigente.Tão importante quanto o desenvolvimento e validação de uma metodologia analítica é o posterior estudo de estabilidade, a fim de garantir que o produto mantenha sua qualidade durante toda vida útil. Para a obtenção de registro de um medicamento fitoterápico dentro dos padrões requeridos pela legislação faz-se necessário, portanto, a realização de diferentes testes para validação deste medicamento de forma a garantir sua segurança no uso, eficácia na utilização e qualidade do produto. <b>Palavras-chave</b>: Fitomedicamentos. Validação. Saúde Publica. Padronização. <b>ABSTRACT</b> <i>Phytomedicines: a promising market</i> There is an observable trend towards phytotherapy making a recognized effective contribution to public health. Consequently, the standardization of phytomedicines is a prerequisite for quality assurance and to ensure the consistency of therapeutic effects and safety of the user. Analytical method validation should ensure, through experimental testing, that the method meets the requirements of the analytical applications, ensuring the reliability of results. Thus, the equipment and laboratory materials must be properly calibrated and the analyst qualified. The chemical references must be certified by official compendia, such as pharmacopoeias or other officially accepted codes. As important as the development and validation of an analytical methodology is the stability study, performed to ensure that the product retains its quality throughout its shelf-life. Therefore, to register a herbal medicine in accordance with the legal standards, it is necessary to carry out various validation tests on the product, to ensure its safety, effectiveness and quality. <b>Keywords</b>: Herbal medicines. Validation. Chemical standardization. Public health.</p&gt

Development of tablets containing semipurified extract of guaraná (Paullinia cupana)

This study evaluated the technological feasibility of producing a semipurified extract of guaraná (Paullinia cupana Kunth, Sapindaceae) in tablet form, using a direct-compression process. Maltodextrin and gum arabic were used to produce the extract microparticles, in order to protect the microparticles against such factors as temperature, oxidation, and humidity. Using pharmacopoeial methodologies, technological and physicochemistry tests (determination of residual moisture, of bulk and tapped density, Hausner ratio, compressibility and compactibility index, appearance, mean weight, hardness, friability, disintegration time, determination of EPA amount in tablets and in vitro release profile) were conducted. The formulation containing 200 mg of microparticles, 170 mg microcrystalline cellulose, and 10 mg lactose gave the best results in terms of hardness (116 N), friabilility (0.28%), mean weight (0.3821 g), and disintegration time (25 min) for a tablet designed for oral administration. The results met pharmacopoeial specifications, and the tablets are suitable for oral administration