Richard\u27s Bones: Inside the Body of Richard III and the Twenty-First Century Discovery of a Medieval King

One does not simply find the long-lost bones of a fifteenth century monarch on the very first day in the very first trench of an archeological excavation, unless those bones belong to England\u27s Richard III. Richard III, a monarch with a much-debated legacy, remains an enigma in part due to a scarcity of contemporary sources on his life. With the discovery of his remains in a parking lot in Leicester, England, scientific analysis of Richard\u27s bones and the location of their burial provides new insights into his life and death, such as providing new information on the manner of his death and burial from the location within the choir and the position of the skeleton within the grave. Archeology offers the tools and opportunities to reexamine historical figures and complicate our interactions with their stories. Science changes our interactions with historical sources, confirming what we already knew from some accounts, and refuting others – clearly Richard\u27s bone remained buried, rather than ending up thrown in the river. Written accounts tell us of the feasts Richard III ate upon his ascension, while the composition of his bones illuminate the types of food he ate, and how that represented a shift from his earlier diet. The lived experiences of Richard III are available to us through how they effected his body, and. DNA analysis and facial reconstruction help identify how accurate posthumous artistic renderings such as portraits may be, as well as providing an opportunity to examine the contemporary impact of the stories surrounding Richard. The question then, is: can bones change history? Richard III\u27s mortal remains provide an opportunity to consider conceptions of his body during his life and directly after his death

Numerical Analysis of 3-Dimensional Scaling Rules on a 1.2-kV Trench Clustered IGBT

3-dimensional scaling rules for the cathode cells and threshold voltages of a 1.2-kV Trench Clustered IGBT (TCIGBT) are investigated using calibrated models in Synopsys Sentaurus TCAD tools. Scaling down results in an enhancement of current gain of the inherent thyristor action which reduces the forward voltage drop even more than that of a scaled Trench IGBT (TIGBT). For identical switching losses, at a scaling factor k=3, the forward voltage drop is reduced by 20% at 300K and 30% at 400K when compared to the conventional TCIGBT (k=1). Most importantly, despite its lower conduction losses than an equivalent TIGBT, a scaled TCIGBT structure can maintain its short circuit capability, due to the additional scaling principle applied to the n-well and p-well regions, maintaining the self-clamping feature. Thus, TCIGBT is a more efficient chip-for-chip, reliable replacement of a TIGBT for energy savings in applications

Effects of direction decoupling in flux calculation in finite volume solvers

In a finite volume CFD method for unsteady flow, fluxes of mass, momentum and energy are exchanged between cells over a series of small time steps. The conventional approach, which we will refer to as direction decoupling, is to estimate fluxes across interfaces in a regular array of cells by using a one-dimensional flux expression based on the component of flow velocity normal to the interface between cells. This means that fluxes cannot be exchanged between diagonally adjacent cells since they share no cell interface, even if the local flow conditions dictate that the fluxes should flow diagonally. The direction decoupling imposed by the numerical method requires that the fluxes reach a diagonally adjacent cell in two time-steps. In order to evaluate the e®ects of this direction decoupling, we examine two numerical methods which differ only in that one uses direction decoupling while the other does not. We examine a generalized form of Pullin's Equilibrium Flux Method (EFM) [J. Comput. Physics, v34, 1980, pp 231-244] which we have called the True Direction Equilibrium Flux Method (TDEFM). The TDEFM fluxes, derived from kinetic theory, flow not only between cells sharing an interface, but ultimately to any cell in the grid. TDEFM is used here to simulate a blast wave and an imploding flow problem on a structured rectangular mesh and is compared with results from direction decoupled EFM. Since both EFM and TDEFM are identical in the low CFL number limit, differences between the results demonstrate the detrimental e®ect of direction decoupling. Differences resulting from direction decoupling are also shown in the simulation of hypersonic flow over a rectangular body. The computational cost of allowing the EFM fluxes to flow in the correct directions on the grid is minimal

Analysis of Generalized Grover's Quantum Search Algorithms Using Recursion Equations

The recursion equation analysis of Grover's quantum search algorithm presented by Biham et al. [PRA 60, 2742 (1999)] is generalized. It is applied to the large class of Grover's type algorithms in which the Hadamard transform is replaced by any other unitary transformation and the phase inversion is replaced by a rotation by an arbitrary angle. The time evolution of the amplitudes of the marked and unmarked states, for any initial complex amplitude distribution is expressed using first order linear difference equations. These equations are solved exactly. The solution provides the number of iterations T after which the probability of finding a marked state upon measurement is the highest, as well as the value of this probability, P_max. Both T and P_max are found to depend on the averages and variances of the initial amplitude distributions of the marked and unmarked states, but not on higher moments.Comment: 8 pages, no figures. To appear in Phys. Rev.

An investigation of using grey scale image analysis for predicting the amount of deposited electrospun nanofibres

When electrospinning, the amount of electrospun fibres deposited is difficult to determine due to the extremely small size and light weight of the fibres. Several methods have been used to predict the amount of deposited fibres including weighing, imaging and direct measurement. Although these methods work to a certain extent, they all have drawbacks that make them unsuitable for commercial scale process control. The methods are generally time consuming, destructive and only examine a small area of web. In this study, an image analysis method is used to predict the amount of electrospun fibres deposited over a significant area. When images of electrospun fibres are converted into grey scale images, it is suggested that the amount of fibres deposited can be predicted by measuring the grey scale intensity. A conventional weighing method was used to validate the image analysis results. The weighing method was found wanting when the deposition time was short (p>0.05). This was because the measured fibre masses were insignificant compared to the weight variation of the collector substrates. Statistical analyses showed that there were a strong correlation between grey scale intensity and deposition time especially at short deposition times. The results suggest that image analysis method could be used to predict the amount of deposited electrospun nanofibres. Further test on different polymers and different coloured substrates showed that the method was still capable to distinguish the samples. The developed method has the potential to be applied as an in-line non-destructive quality control method for electrospun fibre manufacture

Far-infrared vibrational properties of high-pressure-high-temperature C60 polymers and the C60 dimer

We report high-resolution far-infrared transmission measurements of the 2 + 2 cycloaddition C-60 dimer and two-dimensional rhombohedral and one-dimensional orthorhombic high-pressure high-temperature C60 polymers. In the spectral region investigated(20-650 cm(-1)), we see no low-energy interball modes, but symmetry breaking of the linked C-60 balls is evident in the complex spectrum of intramolecular modes. Experimental features suggest large splittings or frequency shifts of some IhC60-derived modes that are activated by symmetry reduction, implying that the balls are strongly distorted in these structures. We have calculated the vibrations of all three systems by first-principles quantum molecular dynamics and use them to assign the predominant IhC60 symmetries of observed modes. Pur calculations show unprecedentedly large downshifts of T-1u(2)-derived modes and extremely large splittings of other modes, both of which are consistent with the experimental spectra. For the rhombohedral and orthorhombic polymers, the T-1u(2)-derived mode that is polarized along the bonding direction is calculated to downshift below any T-1u(1)-derived modes. We also identify a previously unassigned feature near 610 cm(-1) in all three systems as a widely split or shifted mode derived from various silent IhC60 vibrations, confirming a strong perturbation model for these linked fullerene structures

Incidence and risk factors for injury in non-elite netball.

This paper identifies the risk and protective factors for injury in non-elite netball. Three hundred and sixty eight non-elite netballers completed a baseline questionnaire at the commencement of the 1997 preseason. Participants were telephoned each month during the 1997 and 1998 playing seasons to provide details of their exposure at training and games and any injury experiences in the previous four weeks. The incidence of injury in this study was 14 injuries per 1000 player hours. The risk factors for injury were identified as: not warming up before a game (IRR 1.11, 95% CI 1.00 - 1.23) and not being open to new ideas (IRR 1.04, 95% CI 1.00 - 1.07). Training for four or more hours per week (IRR 0.66, 95% CI 0.45 - 0.98) and not sustaining an injury in the previous 12 months (IRR 0.58, 95% CI 0.43 - 0.79) were found to be protective against injury. The risk and protective factors for injury identified in this study can be used as the basis for the development of evidence-based injury prevention strategies that seek to reduce the risk of injury in sport. Injury prevention strategies should focus on the development of effective training programs that include netball-specific skills, activities and movements. Further investigation into the mechanisms associated with the risk and protective factors identified would provide further understanding of why these factors increase or decrease the risk of injury

A contingent model of network utilization in early financing of technology ventures

Most of the entrepreneurship literature has addressed the benefits and necessity of using social network ties as opposed to market methods in early venture finance, but it has largely understated the potential limitations and costs of doing so. Specifically, very sparse research has examined the factors that influence entrepreneurs' choice between using networks versus market methods. In this study, we propose a contingent model of network utilization when approaching initial investors, based on the dimensions of human capital of the entrepreneurs. We test this model with primary field survey data from 226 new high-tech ventures in Singapore and Beijing. The results show that high occupational status and relevant industrial work experience are positively associated with the entrepreneurs' propensity to utilize existing networks by enhancing the resourcefulness of their network ties (social capital); however, such influences are alleviated by entrepreneurs' marketing or managerial experience, which increases the entrepreneurs' ability to interact with strangers (an aspect of social competence)

Accretion, Outflows, and Winds of Magnetized Stars

Many types of stars have strong magnetic fields that can dynamically influence the flow of circumstellar matter. In stars with accretion disks, the stellar magnetic field can truncate the inner disk and determine the paths that matter can take to flow onto the star. These paths are different in stars with different magnetospheres and periods of rotation. External field lines of the magnetosphere may inflate and produce favorable conditions for outflows from the disk-magnetosphere boundary. Outflows can be particularly strong in the propeller regime, wherein a star rotates more rapidly than the inner disk. Outflows may also form at the disk-magnetosphere boundary of slowly rotating stars, if the magnetosphere is compressed by the accreting matter. In isolated, strongly magnetized stars, the magnetic field can influence formation and/or propagation of stellar wind outflows. Winds from low-mass, solar-type stars may be either thermally or magnetically driven, while winds from massive, luminous O and B type stars are radiatively driven. In all of these cases, the magnetic field influences matter flow from the stars and determines many observational properties. In this chapter we review recent studies of accretion, outflows, and winds of magnetized stars with a focus on three main topics: (1) accretion onto magnetized stars; (2) outflows from the disk-magnetosphere boundary; and (3) winds from isolated massive magnetized stars. We show results obtained from global magnetohydrodynamic simulations and, in a number of cases compare global simulations with observations.Comment: 60 pages, 44 figure