A Gaussian Mixture Model Smoother for Continuous Nonlinear Stochastic Dynamical Systems: Theory and Scheme

Retrospective inference through Bayesian smoothing is indispensable in geophysics, with crucial applications in ocean and numerical weather estimation, climate dynamics, and Earth system modeling. However, dealing with the high-dimensionality and nonlinearity of geophysical processes remains a major challenge in the development of Bayesian smoothers. Addressing this issue, a novel subspace smoothing methodology for high-dimensional stochastic fields governed by general nonlinear dynamics is obtained. Building on recent Bayesian filters and classic Kalman smoothers, the fundamental equations and forward-backward algorithms of new Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) smoothers are derived, for both the full state space and dynamic subspace. For the latter, the stochastic Dynamically Orthogonal (DO) field equations and their time-evolving stochastic subspace are employed to predict the prior subspace probabilities. Bayesian inference, both forward and backward in time, is then analytically carried out in the dominant stochastic subspace, after fitting semiparametric GMMs to joint subspace realizations. The theoretical properties, varied forms, and computational costs of the new GMM smoother equations are presented and discussed.United States. Office of Naval Research (N00014-09-1- 0676)United States. Office of Naval Research (N00014-14-1- 0476)United States. Office of Naval Research (N00014-13-1-0518)United States. Office of Naval Research ( N00014-14-1-0725

Time-optimal path planning in dynamic flows using level set equations: theory and schemes

We develop an accurate partial differential equation-based methodology that predicts the time-optimal paths of autonomous vehicles navigating in any continuous, strong, and dynamic ocean currents, obviating the need for heuristics. The goal is to predict a sequence of steering directions so that vehicles can best utilize or avoid currents to minimize their travel time. Inspired by the level set method, we derive and demonstrate that a modified level set equation governs the time-optimal path in any continuous flow. We show that our algorithm is computationally efficient and apply it to a number of experiments. First, we validate our approach through a simple benchmark application in a Rankine vortex flow for which an analytical solution is available. Next, we apply our methodology to more complex, simulated flow fields such as unsteady double-gyre flows driven by wind stress and flows behind a circular island. These examples show that time-optimal paths for multiple vehicles can be planned even in the presence of complex flows in domains with obstacles. Finally, we present and support through illustrations several remarks that describe specific features of our methodology.United States. Office of Naval Research (Grant N00014-09-1-0676 (Science of Autonomy - A-MISSION))United States. Office of Naval Research (Grant N00014-12-1-0944 (ONR6.2))Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Postgraduate Fellowship

Time-optimal path planning in dynamic flows using level set equations: realistic applications

The level set methodology for time-optimal path planning is employed to predict collision-free and fastest-time trajectories for swarms of underwater vehicles deployed in the Philippine Archipelago region. To simulate the multiscale ocean flows in this complex region, a data-assimilative primitive-equation ocean modeling system is employed with telescoping domains that are interconnected by implicit two-way nesting. These data-driven multiresolution simulations provide a realistic flow environment, including variable large-scale currents, strong jets, eddies, wind-driven currents, and tides. The properties and capabilities of the rigorous level set methodology are illustrated and assessed quantitatively for several vehicle types and mission scenarios. Feasibility studies of all-to-all broadcast missions, leading to minimal time transmission between source and receiver locations, are performed using a large number of vehicles. The results with gliders and faster propelled vehicles are compared. Reachability studies, i.e., determining the boundaries of regions that can be reached by vehicles for exploratory missions, are then exemplified and analyzed. Finally, the methodology is used to determine the optimal strategies for fastest-time pick up of deployed gliders by means of underway surface vessels or stationary platforms. The results highlight the complex effects of multiscale flows on the optimal paths, the need to utilize the ocean environment for more efficient autonomous missions, and the benefits of including ocean forecasts in the planning of time-optimal paths.United States. Office of Naval Research (Grant N00014-09-1-0676 (Science of Autonomy - A-MISSION))United States. Office of Naval Research (Grant N00014-07-1-0473 (PhilEx))United States. Office of Naval Research (Grant N00014-12-1-0944 (ONR6.2))United States. Office of Naval Research (Grant N00014-13-1-0518 (Multi-DA)

ANALISIS KADMIUM (Cd) DAN TIMBAL (Pb) PADA SEDIAAN LIPSTIK MURAH DI PASAR KRIAN KABUPATEN SIDOARJO SECARA ICPS

Abstrak - Lipstik merupakan produk kosmetik yang sangat digemari wanita. Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang Analisis Kadmium (Cd) dan Timbal (Pb) Pada Sediaan Di Pasar Krian Kabupaten Sidoarjo Secara ICPS. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis kadar kadmium (Cd) dan timbal (Pb) dalam sediaan lipstik dengan kriteria lipstik bentuk stik, berharga murah, berwarna merah, dan tidak mempunyai izin edar apakah memenuhi persyaratan kadar kadmium (Cd) dan timbal (Pb) yang telah ditetapkan oleh BPOM RI yakni tidak melebihi kadar timbal (Pb) < 20 mg/kg atau 20 mg/L (20 ppm) dan kadar kadmium (Cd) < 5 mg/kg atau 5 mg/L (5 ppm). Pada penelitian ini dilakukan validasi metode penetapan kadar timbal dan kadmium pada lipstik secara ICPS. Dari penelitian didapatkan panjang gelombang Pb 220,353 nm dengan nilai r = 0,9993 ; Vxo = 4,26 % ; LOD dan LOQ = 48,32962709 ppb dan 98,74319797 ppb sedangkan panjang gelombang Cd 228,802 nm dengan nilai r = 0,9999 ; Vxo = 1,48 % ; LOD dan LOQ =8,048237631 ppb dan 23,85004313 ppb. Hasil % recovery Pb dan Cd yaitu 98,27- 102,61% dan 103,15-108,42%, sedangkan nilai KV Pb dan Cd sebesar1,79 % dan 1,72 %. Dari data tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa metode analisis kadar Pb dan Cd pada lipstik telah memenuhi persyaratan validasi. Hasil yang didapat dari 8 sampel lipstik tidak mengandung logam Pb dan Cd sehingga melebihi batas aman yang ditetapkan oleh BPOM RI 2014. Kata Kunci: Lipstik, Timbal (Pb), Kadmium (Cd), Validasi Metode, ICPS

ANALISIS KADMIUM (Cd) DAN TIMBAL (Pb) PADA SEDIAAN LIPSTIK MURAH DI PASAR KRIAN KABUPATEN SIDOARJO SECARA ICPS

Abstrak - Lipstik merupakan produk kosmetik yang sangat digemari wanita. Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang Analisis Kadmium (Cd) dan Timbal (Pb) Pada Sediaan Di Pasar Krian Kabupaten Sidoarjo Secara ICPS. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis kadar kadmium (Cd) dan timbal (Pb) dalam sediaan lipstik dengan kriteria lipstik bentuk stik, berharga murah, berwarna merah, dan tidak mempunyai izin edar apakah memenuhi persyaratan kadar kadmium (Cd) dan timbal (Pb) yang telah ditetapkan oleh BPOM RI yakni tidak melebihi kadar timbal (Pb) < 20 mg/kg atau 20 mg/L (20 ppm) dan kadar kadmium (Cd) < 5 mg/kg atau 5 mg/L (5 ppm). Pada penelitian ini dilakukan validasi metode penetapan kadar timbal dan kadmium pada lipstik secara ICPS. Dari penelitian didapatkan panjang gelombang Pb 220,353 nm dengan nilai r = 0,9993 ; Vxo = 4,26 % ; LOD dan LOQ = 48,32962709 ppb dan 98,74319797 ppb sedangkan panjang gelombang Cd 228,802 nm dengan nilai r = 0,9999 ; Vxo = 1,48 % ; LOD dan LOQ =8,048237631 ppb dan 23,85004313 ppb. Hasil % recovery Pb dan Cd yaitu 98,27- 102,61% dan 103,15-108,42%, sedangkan nilai KV Pb dan Cd sebesar1,79 % dan 1,72 %. Dari data tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa metode analisis kadar Pb dan Cd pada lipstik telah memenuhi persyaratan validasi. Hasil yang didapat dari 8 sampel lipstik tidak mengandung logam Pb dan Cd sehingga melebihi batas aman yang ditetapkan oleh BPOM RI 2014. Kata Kunci: Lipstik, Timbal (Pb), Kadmium (Cd), Validasi Metode, ICPS

Overview of the human papilloma virus: types and its treatment

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease in the United States and one of the most common causes of sexually transmitted infections (STDs) globally. Warts are cutaneous and occasionally mucous lesions brought on by HPV, with 2-20% of elementary school students getting them. There are three types of warts: non-genital warts, flat warts, and plantar warts. Non-genital warts are hyperkeratotic, exophytic, dome-shaped papules or plaques commonly associated with HPV-1, 2, 4, 27, or 57. Flat warts appear as flesh-coloured, erythematous to brown, or hyperpigmented smooth papules with a flat top and a diameter of 2 to 5 mm. Plantar warts, also known as verrucae plantaris, are cutaneous lesions on the plantar aspect of the foot that result from a human papillomavirus infection of keratinocytes (HPV).Genital warts are transmitted through sexual contact, while autoinoculation and vertical transfer do occasionally happen. After engaging in sexual activity with an infected partner, about 70% of people experience anogenital warts. Treatment for HPV includes imiquimod cream formulations, photodynamic treatment (PDT), green tea, chemical cautery, fluorouracil cream, cryotherapy, and surgical treatment. Common warts are hyperkeratotic, exophytic, dome-shaped papules or plaques commonly found in fingers, dorsal surfaces of hands, knees, or elbows. Flat warts are flesh-coloured, erythematous to brown, or hyperpigmented smooth papules with a flat top and a diameter of 2 to 5 mm. Plantar warts are unique in their location and appearance, primarily affecting high-pressure locations on the palms and soles and are uniquely linked to HPV type 1

HUBUNGAN HARGA DIRI DAN SYUKUR TERHADAP PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING PADA REMAJA DI PONDOK PESANTREN DAARUN NAHDHAH THAWALIB BANGKINANG

Masa remaja merupakan masa peralihan dimana remaja banyak mengalami hal-hal yang menantang yang akan mempengaruhi psychological well-being. Harga diri dan syukur merupakan faktor yang mempengaruhi psychological well-being remaja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara harga diri, syukur dengan psychological well-being pada remaja. Subjek penelitian adalah 150 orang santri yang berusia 13-16 tahun di Pondok Pesantren Daarun Nahdhah Thawalib Bangkinang. Instrumen yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah skala psychological well-being (Ryff), skala harga diri (Coopersmith), dan skala syukur (Listiyandini). Analisis regresi berganda menunjukkan ada hubungan harga diri dan syukur terhadap psychological well-being pada remaja (F=74,637; p=0,000). Hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa harga diri dan syukur memiliki adjusted R squared sebesar 49,7% tehadap psychological well-being dan sisanya sebesar 50,3% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain yang tidak diteliti dalam penelitian ini. Kata Kunci: harga diri, syukur, psychological well-bein