Euskararen estandarizazio prozesua Jakin aldizkarian (1956-1968)

Euskararen estandarizazioaz ia mende erdi joan den honetan, garai hartako eztabaida eta gertaerak aztertzea du xehe honako lan honek. Horretarako, Jakin aldizkariko 1956 eta 1968 urteen arteko hainbat artikulu aztertzea erabaki dugu, aldizkariaren sortze urtetik Arantzazuko Biltzarrera arte gai honen inguruan idatzitako artikuluak, hain zuzen. Honela, urte haietako lagin txiki baina esanguratsu honen bidez, estandarizazioaren ingurukoak aztertuko ditugu. Hau guztia, betiere, urte haietako (1956-1968) Jakin aldizkariko artikuluez osatutako corpusean oinarrituz; aldizkariaren sortze urtetik Arantzazuko Biltzarrera arte. Lanaren egiturari dagokionez, gaikako sailkapena burutu dugu informazioa era argiagoan adieraztearren. Lehenik, sarreran, lanaren helburua, aztertutako corpusa eta lanaren egitura zehaztuko ditugu. Ondotik, bigarren atalean, euskararen estandarizazioaren beharrez eta abiapuntuez jardungo dugu, euskararen egoera nolakoa zen eta estandarizazioa zertarako osatu nahi zen ulertzeko. Hirugarrenik, estandarizazioari egotzitako norabidea eta bete beharreko helburuak zeintzuk ziren ikusiko dugu. Hizkuntzak bizirautearen beharraz jardungo dugu eta baita kultur hizkuntza izatearen beharraz eta literatur eredu bakarra osatzearen garrantziaz ere. Laugarren atalean prozesuan pairatutako oztopoak azalduko ditugu. Halako neurriko proiektu bati ekiterako orduan ugari izan ziren beldurrak eta eztabaidak. Eztabaidok ugari izan baziren ere, corpusean agertutako hiru aztertuko ditugu: euskalkien eztabaida, benetako euskal hitzen ingurukoa eta h hizkiak eragindakoak. Hala ere, dena ez zen oztopo eta eztabaida izan. Estandarizazioari ekiteko eta prozesua bultzatzeko, azkartzeko eta babesteko sorturiko hainbat ekimen eta elkarte ere sortu ziren. Bosgarren atal horretan aztertuko ditugu aipaturiko laguntza horiek. Atal horretan aurkituko ditugu zehazki “Euskaltzaindiaren laguntzailleak”, Baionako Biltzarra eta Ermuko idazleen bilkura. Horrez gain, atalari amaiera emateko 1968ko Arantzazuko Biltzarraz arituko gara, biltzar horretan eman ziolako Euskaltzaindiak hasiera ofiziala estandarizazioari. Amaitzeko, lanaren bidez ateratako ondorioak zein diren aztertuko dugu. Ikusitako guztiarekin estandarizazioaren lehen urte haietan izaniko ikusmolde eta pentsamenduak nolakoak ziren ikasi ahal izango dugu eta baita pentsaera horiek estandarizazioaren eraikuntzan izaniko isla eta eragina ere

Neural Network Direct Control with Online Learning for Shape Memory Alloy Manipulators

New actuators and materials are constantly incorporated into industrial processes, and additional challenges are posed by their complex behavior. Nonlinear hysteresis is commonly found in shape memory alloys, and the inclusion of a suitable hysteresis model in the control system allows the controller to achieve a better performance, although a major drawback is that each system responds in a unique way. In this work, a neural network direct control, with online learning, is developed for position control of shape memory alloy manipulators. Neural network weight coefficients are updated online by using the actuator position data while the controller is applied to the system, without previous training of the neural network weights, nor the inclusion of a hysteresis model. A real-time, low computational cost control system was implemented; experimental evaluation was performed on a 1-DOF manipulator system actuated by a shape memory alloy wire. Test results verified the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme to control the system angular position, compensating for the hysteretic behavior of the shape memory alloy actuator. Using a learning algorithm with a sine wave as reference signal, a maximum static error of 0.83º was achieved when validated against several set-points within the possible range

Relative clause production in Basque-Spanish bilinguals with aphasia: material testing in a control group

34 p. [Bibliogr.: 32-34]Research on the comprehesion of relative clauses (RCs) in participants with agrammatism has revealed that although this population encounters difficulties with momevent-derived constructions in general, subject relatives (SRs) are comprehended more accurately than object relatives (ORs). Research on production, on the other hand, has shown quite consistently that the production of RCs and other structures involving the CP node is impaired in aphasia. However, some recent findings in V-2 movement and interrogative sentences suggest that the inaccessibility to the higher nodes of the tree may not be as robust as it was thought. Regarding bilinguals, several studies on bilingual aphasia have revealed that disorders do not necessarily affect all the languages to the same extent. The aim of the present study is to test the validity of some RC elicitation material with the objective of later using it with Basque-Spanish aphasics to shed light upon their syntactic deficiencies. To that aim, the production of RCs in two groups of unimpaired bilinguals (L1 Basque-early L2 Spanish, and L1 Spanish-early L2 Basque) has been explored in Basque and Spanish1. The study reveals a better performance in the production of SRs in both groups and languages. Data also points towards an asymmetry in the production of Basque ORs between the Basque and Spanish L1 groups, the former outperforming the latter. In view of the fact that the abscence of the ergative marker is the most frequent error, particularly among Spanish native speakers, we suggest that the divergent case systems of both languages, in general, and the ergative nature of Basque, in particular, could be the responsible for the mentioned asymmetries. Finally, the results indicate that the material used is appropriate to assess the production of RCs, although some remodelling could be done to decrease the number of ambiguous responses

The use of models as written corrective feedback in spontaneous EFL writing

91 p.While a number of studies have investigated the noticing function of output, the language learning potential of writing and the way in which written corrective feedback (CF) can promote language acquisition have been underexplored. In a three-stage writing task including output, comparison and delayed revision, the present study investigates what Basque-Spanish teenage learners (n=60) of English as a foreign language (EFL) notice when writing a composition in response to some pictures (Stage 1) and when comparing their texts with two models (Stage 2). It also explores how these noticing and feedback processing affects their subsequent revisions (Stage 3).The findings revealed that participants noticed mainly lexical problems, although the comparison with the models also allowed them to pay attention to content features. Regarding proficiency and guiding effects, it was found that more proficient learners and those who received guidance noticed more features. Finally, a qualitative analysis of the results indicated that learners had quite a negative attitude towards writing and modelling and that those who showed more positive beliefs incorporated more features in subsequent revisions. A number of implications drawn from these results are discussed for research and pedagogy

El verbo vasco: bibliografía

Se presenta una bibliografía que es una muestra de la gran cantidad de autores que han escrito sobre el verbo vasco. Se ofrece la identidad del autor, el contenido del trabajo, la localización de estos trabajos. No se han tenido en cuenta las publicaciones sobre fonética, léxico, dialectología, etcThe author introduces a bibliography that is a sample of the great quantity of authors that have written on the Basque verb. The identity of the author, the content of the work and the location of these projects are supplied. Publications on phonetic, lexicons, dialectology, etc. have not been include

Datos sobre las alianzas dauco-melilotion görs 1966 y convolvulion sepium R. Tx. 1947 en el País Vasco

Javier LOID&I Carmen NAVARRO

The Temperate Deciduous Forests of the Northern Hemisphere. A review

Temperate Deciduous Forests occur almost exclusively in the northern hemisphere and thrive under temperate climate with cold winter and warm-humid summer. They covered a continuous belt during most of the Tertiary across the continent Laurasia occupying a large area in higher latitudes. With the cooling of the Earth's climate and the appearance of the subtropical aridity areas, in combination with the separation of North America from Eurasia, this continuous area split into the three mainly existing now: Eastern North America, Western Eurasia and Eastern Asia. The tree flora reveals the common origin of the three current areas and the events causing more or less severe extinctions during the cold periods of the Pleistocene, in combination with the mountain uplift did happen since the Miocene affected differently to them. The basic features of the deciduous trait and its likely origin are discussed, as well as the ecologic implications of such a trait. For further research, the current possibilities provided by available vegetation datasets (EVA, sPlot) opens the possibility of using a large mass of vegetation plots data involving most of the vascular flora of these forests to find out insights about their origin and evolution over time as well as their links with current or past environmental conditions.The authors want to thank anonymous reviewers and the Basque Government (grant no. IT936-16) and the Czech Science Foundation (grant 392 no. 19-28491X)

Aldaerak Clovis pastoralean

Lau dira gaur egun ezagutzen ditugun Clovis pastoralaren eskuizkribu nagusiak. Horietarik bi (Bordeleko Udal Liburutegikoa eta Mauleko bilduma pribatu batean gordetzen dena) bertsio beraren aldaera dira eta beste biak (Donostian Julio Urkixo bilduman dagoena eta Baionako Euskal Erakustokiko liburutegiko bat) bertsio ezberdin banaren erakusle dira. Lehenengo aipatutako eskuizkribu biek, gainera, kopia bana dute Pariseko Liburutegi Nazionalean eta Baionako Euskal Erakustokiaren liburutegian hurrenez hurren ; sei eskuizkribu, beraz, guztira. Lan honetan, gehienbat, bertsio berean oinarritzen diren eskuizkribu bien arteko aldaerak aztertuko ditugu. Itxura guztien arabera gaur ezagutzen ez dugun jatorrizko testu baten kopia eta moldaketa diren aldaera biak zertan berdintzen diren eta zertan ezberdintzen azaltzen saiatuko gara.Up till now, only four main manuscripts of the pastoral Clovis are known to exist. Two of them seem to be variants of the same version ; one is in the Bourdeaux Town Library, and the other one is in a private collection in Maule. The other two, on the other hand, seem to be samples of two different versions ; one is in the Julio Urkixo’s collection in San Sebastian, and the other one is in the Basque Museum of Bayonne. In addition to these, there are two more copies of the former ones ; one of them in the National Library in Paris, and the other one in the Basque Museum of Bayonne. Therefore, there are six manuscripts in all. Our aim in this essay is to work on the differences and similarities of the two different manuscripts of the same version. They seem to have been copied and adapted from an original text that is unknown for us nowadays

Los tarayales de la depresión del Ebro

La revisión de las comunidades de Tamarix en la depresión del Ebro permite reconocer tres asociaciones: Tamaricetum gallicae Br.-BI. & O. Bolós 1957 (Tamaricion africanae Br.-B1. & O. BoIós 1957), riparia y subhalófila; Agrostio-Tamaricetum canariensis Cirujano 1981 (Tamaricion boveano-canuriensis Izco, F. Fernández-González & A. Molina 1984), mesohalófila (subass. tamaricetosum canariensis) o hiperhalófila (subass. inuletosum crithmoidis nova); y Suaedo braun-blanquetii-Tamaricetum boveanae (Izco & al. 1984) ass.nova (Tamaricion boveano-canariensis), hiperhalófila y restringida a la parte más baja y oriental de la depresión.Tamarix-communities belonging to the order Tamaricetalia (class Nerio- Tamaricetea) are phytosociologically reviewed in the Ebro basin. Three associations can be differentiated: Tamaricetum gal/woe Br.-BI. & O. Bolós 1957 (Tamaricion africanae Br.-B1. & O. Bolós 1957), riparian and subhalophilous; Agrostio-Tamaricetum canariensis Cirujano 1981 (Tamaricion boveano-canariensis Izco, F. Fernández-González & A. Molina 1984), mesohalophilous (subass. tamaricetosum canariensis) or hiperhalophilous (subass. inuletosum crithmoidis nova); and Suaedo braun-blanquetii-Tamaricetum boveanae (Izco & al. 1984) ass.nova (Tamaricion boveano-canariensis), hiperhalophilous and restricted to eastern and lower part of the basin

Euskararen estandarizazio prozesua Jakin aldizkarian (1956-1968)

Euskararen estandarizazioaz ia mende erdi joan den honetan, garai hartako eztabaida eta gertaerak aztertzea du xehe honako lan honek. Horretarako, Jakin aldizkariko 1956 eta 1968 urteen arteko hainbat artikulu aztertzea erabaki dugu, aldizkariaren sortze urtetik Arantzazuko Biltzarrera arte gai honen inguruan idatzitako artikuluak, hain zuzen. Honela, urte haietako lagin txiki baina esanguratsu honen bidez, estandarizazioaren ingurukoak aztertuko ditugu. Hau guztia, betiere, urte haietako (1956-1968) Jakin aldizkariko artikuluez osatutako corpusean oinarrituz; aldizkariaren sortze urtetik Arantzazuko Biltzarrera arte. Lanaren egiturari dagokionez, gaikako sailkapena burutu dugu informazioa era argiagoan adieraztearren. Lehenik, sarreran, lanaren helburua, aztertutako corpusa eta lanaren egitura zehaztuko ditugu. Ondotik, bigarren atalean, euskararen estandarizazioaren beharrez eta abiapuntuez jardungo dugu, euskararen egoera nolakoa zen eta estandarizazioa zertarako osatu nahi zen ulertzeko. Hirugarrenik, estandarizazioari egotzitako norabidea eta bete beharreko helburuak zeintzuk ziren ikusiko dugu. Hizkuntzak bizirautearen beharraz jardungo dugu eta baita kultur hizkuntza izatearen beharraz eta literatur eredu bakarra osatzearen garrantziaz ere. Laugarren atalean prozesuan pairatutako oztopoak azalduko ditugu. Halako neurriko proiektu bati ekiterako orduan ugari izan ziren beldurrak eta eztabaidak. Eztabaidok ugari izan baziren ere, corpusean agertutako hiru aztertuko ditugu: euskalkien eztabaida, benetako euskal hitzen ingurukoa eta h hizkiak eragindakoak. Hala ere, dena ez zen oztopo eta eztabaida izan. Estandarizazioari ekiteko eta prozesua bultzatzeko, azkartzeko eta babesteko sorturiko hainbat ekimen eta elkarte ere sortu ziren. Bosgarren atal horretan aztertuko ditugu aipaturiko laguntza horiek. Atal horretan aurkituko ditugu zehazki “Euskaltzaindiaren laguntzailleak”, Baionako Biltzarra eta Ermuko idazleen bilkura. Horrez gain, atalari amaiera emateko 1968ko Arantzazuko Biltzarraz arituko gara, biltzar horretan eman ziolako Euskaltzaindiak hasiera ofiziala estandarizazioari. Amaitzeko, lanaren bidez ateratako ondorioak zein diren aztertuko dugu. Ikusitako guztiarekin estandarizazioaren lehen urte haietan izaniko ikusmolde eta pentsamenduak nolakoak ziren ikasi ahal izango dugu eta baita pentsaera horiek estandarizazioaren eraikuntzan izaniko isla eta eragina ere