Understanding the effect resonant magnetic perturbations have on ELMs

All current estimations of the energy released by type I ELMs indicate that, in order to ensure an adequate lifetime of the divertor targets on ITER, a mechanism is required to decrease the amount of energy released by an ELM, or to eliminate ELMs altogether. One such amelioration mechanism relies on perturbing the magnetic field in the edge plasma region, either leading to more frequent, smaller ELMs (ELM mitigation) or ELM suppression. This technique of Resonant Magnetic Perturbations (RMPs) has been employed to suppress type I ELMs at high collisionality/density on DIII-D, ASDEX Upgrade, KSTAR and JET and at low collisionality on DIII-D. At ITER-like collisionality the RMPs enhance the transport of particles or energy and keep the edge pressure gradient below the 2D linear ideal MHD critical value that would trigger an ELM, whereas at high collisionality/density the type I ELMs are replaced by small type II ELMs. Although ELM suppression only occurs within limitied operational ranges, ELM mitigation is much more easily achieved. The exact parameters that determine the onset of ELM suppression are unknown but in all cases the magnetic perturbations produce 3D distortions to the plasma and enhanced particle transport. The incorporation of these 3D effects in codes will be essential in order to make quantitative predictions for future devices.Comment: 32 pages, 9 figure

PB3D: a new code for edge 3-D ideal linear peeling-ballooning stability

A new numerical code PB3D (Peeling-Ballooning in 3-D) is presented. It implements and solves the intermediate-to-high-n ideal linear magnetohydrodynamic stability theory extended to full edge 3-D magnetic toroidal configurations in previous work [1]. The features that make PB3D unique are the assumptions on the perturbation structure through intermediate-to-high mode numbers n in general 3-D configurations, while allowing for displacement of the plasma edge. This makes PB3D capable of very efficient calculations of the full 3-D stability for the output of multiple equilibrium codes. As first verification, it is checked that results from the stability code MISHKA [2], which considers axisymmetric equilibrium configurations, are accurately reproduced, and these are then successfully extended to 3-D configurations, through comparison with COBRA [3], as well as using checks on physical consistency. The non-intuitive 3-D results presented serve as a tentative first proof of the capabilities of the code

Mejora de los datos satelitales de precipitación y temperatura en áreas con baja disponibilidad de estaciones meteorológicas: caso de estudio en Ancash, Perú

[EN] Rainfall and temperature variables play an important role in understanding meteorology at global and regional scales. However, the availability of meteorological information in areas of complex topography is difficult, as the density of weather stations is often very low. In this study, we focused on improving existing satellite products for these areas, using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) data for rainfall and Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications Version 2 (MERRA-2) data for air temperature. Our objective was to propose a model that improves the accuracy and correlation of satellite data with observed data on a monthly scale during 2012-2017. The improvement of rainfall satellite data was performed using 4 regions: region 1 Santa (R1Sn), region 2 Marañón (R2Mr), region 3 Pativilca (R3Pt) and region 4 Pacific (R4Pc). For temperature, a model based on the use of the slope obtained between temperature and altitude data was used. In addition, the reliability of the TRMM, GPM and MERRA-2 data was analyzed based on the ratio of the mean square error, PBIAS, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and correlation coefficient. The final products obtained from the model for temperature are reliable with R2 ranging from 0.72 to 0.95 for the months of February and August respectively, while the improved rainfall products obtained are shown to be acceptable (NSE≥0.6) for the regions R1Sn, R2Mr and R3Pt. However, in R4Pc it is unacceptable (NSE<0.4), reflecting that the additive model is not suitable in regions with low rainfall values.[ES] Las variables de precipitación y temperatura desempeñan un papel importante en la comprensión de la meteorología a escala global y regional. Sin embargo, disponer de información meteorológica en zonas de topografía compleja es difícil, ya que la densidad de estaciones meteorológicas suele ser muy baja. En este estudio, nos centramos en mejorar los productos satelitales existentes para estas zonas, empleando datos de la Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) y Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) para la precipitación y los datos Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications Version 2 (MERRA-2) para la temperatura. Nuestro objetivo fue proponer un modelo que mejore la precisión y la correlación de los datos satelitales con los datos observados a escala mensual durante el 2012-2017. La mejora de los datos satelitales de precipitación se realizó utilizando 4 regiones: región 1 Santa (R1Sn), región 2 Marañón (R2Mr), región 3 Pativilca (R3Pt) y región 4 Pacífico (R4Pc). En la temperatura se utilizó un modelo basado en el uso de la pendiente obtenida entre los datos de temperatura y altitud. Además, se analizó la fiabilidad de los datos TRMM, GPM y el MERRA-2 basándose en la relación del error cuadrático medio, PBIAS, la eficiencia de Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE) y el coeficiente de correlación. Los productos finales obtenidos del modelo para la temperatura son fiables, con R2 entre 0,72 y 0,95 para los meses de febrero y agosto, respectivamente, mientras que los productos mejorados de precipitación obtenidos son aceptables (NSE≥0,6) para las regiones R1Sn, R2Mr y R3Pt. Sin embargo, en R4Pc es inaceptable (NSE<0,4), lo que refleja que el modelo aditivo empleado no es adecuado para regiones con bajos valores de precipitación.The authors acknowledge the financial support from the CONCYTEC - World Bank Project “Improvement and Expansion of the National Science Technology and Technological Innovation System Services”; 8682-PE, through its executing unit FONDECYT [Contract N°23-2018-FONDECYT-BM-IADT-MU] of Permafrost Project and from the Newton-Paulet Fund and the NERC within the framework of the call E031-2018-01-NERC & Glacier Research, through its executing unit FONDECYT [Contract N°08-2019-FONDECYT] of PeruGROWS project. We thank Rafael Tauquino, Ciro Fernández and Ricardo Villanueva for providing the meteorological data from the Center for Environmental Research for Development (CIAD), Santiago Antunez de Mayolo National University (UNASAM).Villavicencio, EE.; Medina, KD.; Loarte, EA.; León, HA. (2022). Improved rainfall and temperature satellite dataset in areas with scarce weather stations data: case study in Ancash, Peru. Revista de Teledetección. (60):17-28. https://doi.org/10.4995/raet.2022.1690717286

Turismo, bricherismo y etnicidad en el proceso de consolidación mestizo-indígena en el Perú.

The mestizo-indigenous people, demographically hegemonic in Peru, have been integrated into the social, economic and political life of the country. Among many factors it is believed that the bricheros, classified within sex tourism, contributed to repositioning the indigenous in the identity discourse. Literature and ethnography reveal that tourism favored the bricheros, who took advantage of their exoticism to seduce women from developed countries with the aim of living at their expense or leaving the country. Likewise, by revaluing their cultural identity, they consolidated the ethnically Andean, and represent the most dynamic and progressive social sector in Peru. &nbsp;Los mestizos-indígenas, demográficamente hegemónicos en el Perú, se han integrado a la vida social, económica y política del país. Entre muchos factores; se cree que los bricheros, clasificados dentro del turismo sexual, contribuyeron a recolocar lo indígena en el discurso identitario. La literatura y la etnografía develan que el turismo favoreció a los bricheros, quienes aprovecharon su exotismo para seducir a mujeres de países desarrollados con el objetivo de vivir a expensas de ellas o salir del país. Así mismo, al revalorizar su identidad cultural, consolidaron lo étnicamente andino, y representan al sector social más dinámico y progresista del Perú.&nbsp; &nbsp

Estudio sobre la prevalencia del burnout en los médicos del Área Sanitaria de Talavera de la Reina

ObjetivoDeterminar el grado de burnout, o desgaste profesional, en los médicos del Área Sanitaria de Talavera de la Reina y los factores asociadosDiseñoEstudio descriptivo transversalSujetosMédicos dedicados a la atención primaria (AP) (n = 106) y atención especializada (AE) (n = 129)MedicionesCuestionario Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) y encuesta con variables sociodemográficas y sugerencias. Ambos anónimos y autoadministrablesResultadosContestaron 144 médicos (61,27%), 63 de AP y 81 de AE, varones el 72,2% y con una media de edad de 45 años (con una escasa variabilidad entre AP y AE). La media de años trabajados fue de 18,65. Realizan guardias 102 (70,83%). El tipo de contrato es fijo en 85 (59,02%), interino en 49 (34,02%) y "otros" en 10(6,94%). Presenta burnout el 76,4% de los profesionales (moderado en el 38,9% y alto en el 37,5%). Resulta estadísticamente significativa la diferencia entre burnout de AP y AE (el 85,7 frente al 69,1%). En el resto de las variables estudiadas edad, sexo, estado civil, realización de guardias no encontramos diferencias significativas. Como sugerencias para mitigar el burnout destacan la petición de apoyo de mejoras laborales, un mayor reconocimiento personal y profesional, la implicación de la Administración y la Gerencia, la remuneración económica, facilitar formación e investigación, etcConclusiones.El grado de desgaste profesional (burnout) es muy elevado en nuestra área, con un mayor porcentaje en AP que en AEObjectiveTo determine the degree of burnout or professional wear-and-tear in doctors from the Talavera de la Reina Health Area and linked factorsDesignTransversal, descriptive studyParticipantsDoctors in primary care (PC)(n=106) and specialist care (SC) (n=129)Measurements and ResultsMaslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) questionnaire and a survey with social and demographic variables and suggestions. Both were anonymous and self-administeredResults144 (61.27%) answered, 63 from PC and 81 SC. 72.2% were male, with a meanage of 45 (with little variability between PC and SC). Average years worked were 18.65.102 (70.83%) worked cover. 85 (59.02%) had an indefinite contract, 49 (34.02%) a temporary one, and 10 (6.94%) other kinds.76.4% of the professionals suffered burnout(moderate in 38.9% and high in 37.5%). The difference between PC and SC burnout(85.7% vs 69.1%) was statistically significant.In the remaining variables studied (age, sex, marital status, working of cover shifts…) we found no significant differences. Among suggestions to mitigate burnout were demands to support improvements in working conditions, greater personal and professional recognition, involvement of the government and management, economic remuneration,providing more training and research, etcConclusionsProfessional wear-and-tear or burnout is very high in our area, and is higher in PC than in S