Le règlement pacifique des conflits

L'une des caractéristiques les plus étonnantes du vingtième siècle réside dans l'émergence d'une nouvelle orthodoxie morale et juridique ayant trait à la permissivité des conflits armés. Ceci a évidemment provoqué l'émergence d'une attitude plus positive à l'égard du règlement pacifique des conflits, y compris le recours d'instruments juridiques. Cet article s'attarde essentiellement à la contribution du sénateur Dandurand à ce processus de l'entre-guerres et à ses succès. En effet, ce que Dandurand et ses collaborateurs ont accompli a été utile. Ils ont cependant été trop optimistes, en ce sens qu'ils n'ont pas reconnu à quel point les facteurs politiques pouvaient limiter la portée de la loi. Le contexte politique positif des années 1920 a favorisé la contribution substantielle du droit international au règlement pacifique des conflits. Mais alors que le monde était entraîné une fois de plus dans la guerre, puis la Guerre froide, les instruments juridiques ont été relégués au second plan. Ce n'est qu'en 1990, à la fin de la Guerre froide, que la Cour internationale de justice a pu prendre son essor, et où le rôle de l'adjudication a été considéré de façon plus réaliste que dans les années 1920. Ainsi, nous pouvons faire preuve d'un optimisme prudent à l'égard de la contribution du droit international à la paix dans le monde. Dans cette optique, l'ère Dandurand est peut-être arrivée.One of the most striking features of the twentieth century was the emergence of a new legal and moral orthodoxy regarding the permissibility of armed conflict. Alongside this there naturally emerged a more positive attitude to the pacific settlement of disputes, including the employment for this purpose of legal mechanisms. The article mainly focuses on Senator Dandurand's contribution to this inter-war process, and on its successes. He and his fellow campaigners indeed achieved much that was useful. They were, however, too optimistic in that they did not recognize the extent to which political factors circum scribe the role of law. In the 1920s, the positive political context enabled international law to make a significant contribution to pacific settlement. But as the world slid again towards war and then into cold war, legal mechanisms took a back seat. Only in the 1990s, with the cold war at an end, was the International Court of Justice able to flourish. By then, the role that adjudication can play was also viewed more realistically than in the 1920s. Thus, we may be cautiously optimistic about international law's contribution to a peaceful world. In this sense, Dandurand's time has perhaps come

The Evolution of Ethics in the Irish Real Estate Profession

Since the Economic Collapse of 2008 much discussion and analysis of the role of ethics in the financial sector in Ireland has occurred. However little if any of this focus has been on the real estate profession. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the Irish Real Estate Profession deals with the issue of ethics. How has this relationship evolved over time? Has the Irish political context influenced the approach to ethics on a societal level and has this fed into the profession’s approach? The role of ethics education is also examined in current Irish real estate qualifications, Property Services Regulatory Authority license requirements and the various professional body membership requirements. The first phase of this research project has addressed the underpinning and background research literature on this topic. The evidence indicates that the Irish Real Estate Profession relies on a self-regulation approach to ethics in line with global RICS Standards. The literature review indicates that very little data exists on complaints and reprimands. Ethics forms a tokenistic element of education for the profession and in continued professional development. The issue of “whistle-blowers” is also a complex one in an Irish context and is currently being debated at a national level

Is Functional Contextualism the Appropriate Methodology for Examining the Management of Conflict of Interest in the Real Estate Valuation Process in the Irish Property Profession?

In examining the research question of the best practice for managing conflict of interest in the real estate valuation process within Ireland a number of research methodologies were considered. Review of literature in the field supports a pragmatic approach to the central issues of the formation of an individual’s ethical viewpoint and behaviours, the nature of the ethical challenges faced within the real estate valuation process and the possible frameworks that may influence an individual’s behaviour going forward. Within the pragmatic realm a more focused lens of Functional Contextualism is considered. Functional contextualists seek to predict and influence events using empirically-based concepts and rules (Biglan & Hayes, 1996; Hayes, 1993b; Gifford & Hayes, 1999). This paper examines the suitability of functional contextualism as the primary research methodology for researching conflict of interest in the real estate valuation process within Ireland. Emphasis is placed on highlighting the areas of the approach that fit and also those that require omission due to their lack of suitability to the subject research problem. Keywords: conflict of interest, real estate, pragmatism, functional contextualism

A Test for Institutional Innovation: Winnipeg's Unicity

Report: 26 pp., digital file.This short paper is a broad look at Winnipeg’s political landscape in the years immediately following Unicity, and its impact on electoral politics, citizen engagement, planning, and administration. There is a brief historical background of Winnipeg’s political culture and public attitudes toward municipal government, Winnipeg’s economic position, the creation of Metro government, and the various proposals for municipal reform leading up to the implementation of Unicity in 1972. It looks for changes in the civic political structure by examining parties and coalitions, election results, and voter turnouts. While suburban interests quickly came to dominate Winnipeg politics after the formation of Unicity, the new structure had clearly made taxation more equitable by raising property tax mill rates in former suburban municipalities to rates comparable to those in the central city. The paper finds that the new Unicity government’s Resident Advisory Groups were becoming increasingly marginalized by council, in spite of showing some signs of being an effective and useful part of the planning and governing process. Unicity created increased efficiency in the area of downtown planning, though this raised the concern that not enough long-term planning and careful consideration of development proposals occur. Regional planning, meanwhile, continued to be met by conflict and opposition from the new Unicity government. This paper also raises concerns over what seemed to be a growing concentration of power at the administrative level, and a lack of local control when it comes to the provision of services

Re-configurable, multi-channel, high-speed FBG strain sensing system for vibration analysis in oil risers

Eight re-configurable, synchronized resonant cavity time-division- multiplexed FBG sensor interrogators provide 16,800 high-resolution measurements-per-second from 280 axially embedded strain sensors, for the analysis of vortex-shedding-induced vibration and bending in a composite oil riser pipe

Friendship Bench trial: lay worker training in problem-solving therapy to reduce symptoms of common mental disorders

The Friendship Bench trial is a cluster-randomised trial of the effect of problem-solving therapy training for lay workers on symptoms of common mental disorders among clinic attenders in Harare, Zimbabwe. This dataset enables replication of analysis for a paper on suicidal ideation, but has undergone anonymisation process to protect study participants. 12 primary care clinics in Harare were randomised 1:1 to intervention or control. In each clinic, 24 participants were enrolled who were: visiting the clinic (either for their own health needs or accompanying someone else); aged 18 or over; living locally; and screened positive for common mental disorder symptoms. Outcomes were measured after 6 months. 86% of participants were women, 42% were HIV positive and 91% completed follow-up

Linking Recent Discrimination-Related Experiences and Wellbeing via Social Cohesion and Resilience

The current study examined the relationship between recent experiences of discrimination and wellbeing and the mediating effects that social cohesion and resilience had on this relationship. Using online sampling, participants (N =255) from a South London community rated the levels of discrimination related experiences in the past 6 months, alongside measures of social cohesion, resilience, and wellbeing (happiness and depressive symptoms). Results revealed a negative relationship between recent experiences of discrimination and wellbeing which was explained by a serial mediation relationship between social cohesion and resilience, and singly by resilience alone. The study highlights how recent experiences of discrimination can lead to a depletion of personal resources and social resources (which in turn also lead to reduced personal resources) and in turn, to lower levels of wellbeing