Redes de apoyo para la atención a un padecimiento crónico en una comunidad transnacional

Las redes de apoyo transnacionales en la atención de padecimientos crónicos se construyen en combinación con las experiencias del padecimiento y de la migración. A través de ellas fluyen recursos materiales y simbólicos que se utilizan en respuesta a necesidades percibidas en el proceso salud-enfermedad-atención. Las redes sociales transnacionales ampliarían los recursos y la forma de manifestar las necesidades. Para responder a este supuesto, se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo en una comunidad con tradición migratoria en Jalisco, México, de 2001 a 2003. A través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y de trabajo etnográfico, se analizaron las experiencias de catorce participantes con padecimiento de diabetes. Estos se agruparon como: migrantes transnacionales, migrantes de retorno, familiares de migrantes, y no migrante ni familiar de migrante. Se dilucidó, la manera en que se conforman las redes sociales de apoyo y su tamaño, el espacio en que se generan y la dinámica que las mantiene. Se determinó que el tamaño de las redes no diferencia el acceso a los recursos. Lo hace, la dinámica de las mismas. La dinámica se exploró de dos formas: funcional y espacial, por las funciones de apoyo y por el espacio donde se originan y hacia donde fluyen.Transnational support networks in chronic illness care are constructed in combination with the illness and migration experiences. Through these networks flows material and symbolic resources used as answer to perceived needs of ill people in their health-illness-care process. Transnational social networks would broaden the resources and the way ill people express their needs. In order to respond to this assumption, a qualitative study in a community with migratory tradition in Jalisco, Mexico, was carried out, from 2001 to 2003. Through semistructured interviews and ethnographic work, the experiences of fourteen participants with diabetes were analyzed. These were grouped as: transnational migrants, return migrants migrant's mothers and non migrant neither migrant relative. In this study is analyzed the way the support networks are constructed, their size, the transnational space where these generated and the dynamics that maintains them. The networks size does not differentiate access to resources. It is the dynamics of them what does the difference. Dynamics were explored in two forms: functional and spatial, by the support actions and by the space where they are originated and towards they flow

Reducción de operaciones en una línea de producción.

Se presenta el uso de la simulación como una herramienta para reducir operaciones en una línea de producción. El modelo de simulación es presentado utilizando FlexSim. Los datos requeridos para alimentar el modelo son obtenidos mediante una combinación de varias herramientas de ingeniería. En particular, es importante señalar el uso de una aplicación en Excel, propiedad de la empresa, la cual es ampliamente utilizada para el Diseño de Sistemas de Producción. Se tomaron mediciones de tiempo de cada operación manual y de cada operación de carga y descarga. También se recolectaron los ciclos de todas las máquinas y los cambios de número de parte. El modelo de simulación de los procesos es obtenido cuando se alimentan los requerimientos en FlexSim. Posteriormente, se aplica la herramienta OptiQuest para obtener una optimización del modelo de simulación del sistema que se está estudiando. La optimización generada por FlexSim, le ha permitido a la empresa maquiladora liberar espacio en la nave industrial. Ese espacio extra podría ser utilizado para adquirir nuevos clientes. En caso de no conseguir nuevos productos, entonces se benéfica al reducir gente, máquinas y energía

Variaciones en la medición estatal de la pobreza por ingresos según índices de precios locales: México 2000-2008

Using the micro data from the ENIGH, the income poverty at the state level was calculated in the eleven states that increased its sample for the period 2000-2008. It is assumed that consumer price indices at the city level are more accurate than the national to describe the actual price level encountered by consumers within states. Food baskets values and household income were updated using consumer price indices at the city level. Regarding the measurements made by the CONEVAL, in some cases the variations are above and in others below. The comparative statics analysis revealed that the results primarily reflect changes in the baskets values and not changes in real income. With the intention to put into perspective the exercise carried out and approach briefly the economic policy of poverty measurement in Mexico, we conclude with some final remarks.income poverty, consumer price indices, quality of data

The 73 S ribosome of Neurospora crassa is the native mitochondrial ribosome

The effect of the inclusion of EDTA and of heparin, in media used in the isolation of mitochondria, on the mitochindrial previous termribosomenext term has been investigated. 1. 1. Mitochondria isolated from previous termNeurospora crassanext term in the presence of EDTA contain only a single type of monomeric previous termribosome, viz. 73next term S. 2. 2. Mitochondria isolated in the presence of Mg2+ contain both 79-S and previous term73next term-S monomeric previous termribosomes.next term The heterogeneity of the previous termribosomesnext term was demonstrated by (a) ultracentrifugation on sucrose gradients, (b) electron microscopy, (c) immunoprecipitation with antibodies against mitochondrial previous term73next term-S and 79-S cytoplasmic previous termribosomes,next term (d) gel electrophoresis of high and low molecular weight RNAs. 3. 3. Inclusion of heparin in all media used for the isolation of mitochondria and previous termribosomesnext term resulted in (a) dissociation of previous term73next term-S mitochondrial previous termribosomesnext term into 50-S and 37-S subunits; (b) stabilization of 79-S cytoplasmic previous termribosomes;next term (c) in the case of mitochondria isolated in the presence of Mg2+ containing both previous term73next term-S and 79-S previous termribosomes,next term heparin causes the selective dissociation of the previous term73next term S monosome to yield previous termribosomesnext term containing only a single monomeric previous termribosomenext term type, viz. 79 S. 4. 4. It is concluded that (a) the 79-S previous termribosomesnext term present in mitochondria isolated in the presence of Mg2+ are contaminating cytoplasmic previous termribosomes,next term (b) the previous term73next term-S previous termribosomesnext term are the real functional mitochondrial previous termribosomes of Neurospora crassanext term

Comparación del precio de los ordenadores en Estados Unidos y España 1990-2000: un enfoque hedónico

Los objetivos de este trabajo son tres. En primer lugar elaborar índices de precios de los ordenadores en España en el periodo 1990-2000. En segundo lugar compararlos con los compilados por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y la Oficina de Estadísticas Laborales de Estados Unidos. En tercer lugar explorar la viabilidad de la transferencia de funciones hedónicas entre países. Nuestros resultados indican que las variaciones medias anuales de los ordenadores de escritorio y portátiles para España en el periodo 1990-2000 ascendieron a –35,2% y –31,5% respectivamente. Si bien las cifras parecen excesivas, nuestros resultados son similares a los obtenidos en otras investigaciones con un enfoque hedónico y a las cifras reportadas por la Oficina de Estadísticas Laborales de Estados Unidos. The aims of this study are three. In first place to build price indexes for personal computers in Spain during 1990-2000. In second place to compare our price indexes with those compile by National Institute of Statistics and Bureau of Labor Statistics. In third place to make an exploration about the viability of transfer hedonic functions between countries. Our results shows a –35,2% and –31,5% average decline per annual of the PC’ price indexes (desktop and portable respectively) in Spain during the analyzed period. Our results are very similar to those obtained in others studies that apply hedonic techniques and those reported by de Bureau of Labor Statistics.price indexes; personal computers; hedonic regression

Nuevos índices de precios para el sector de las tecnologías de la información: una aplicación macroeconómica para España 1995-2000 New IT sector prices index: A macroeconomic aproach for Spain.

Las metodologías para la compilación de índices de precios sobreestiman los cambios en el nivel de precios por los sesgos originados en la sustitución de productos y unidades geográficas, en la aparición de nuevos productos, en los cambios en la calidad, y en la propia fórmula, entre otros. Para el caso de los bienes y servicios ligados al sector de tecnologías de la información (TI), y en general para los productos que presentan un acelerado progreso tecnológico, el sesgo más claro deriva de los cambios en la calidad. Los objetivos de nuestro trabajo son dos. En primer lugar estimar índices de precios para el sector TI español entre los años de 1995 y 2002, y compararlos con los compilados por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y la Oficina de Estadísticas Laborales de Estados Unidos. En segundo lugar, desarrollar una aplicación macroeconómica que evidencia la relevancia de la corrección de los índices de precios oficiales. Methodologies that are currently applied to compute prices index tends to overestimate changes in price levels due to some bias induced by product substitution, new products, and quality changes. For IT products and others with such quick technical progress, the main source of that bias lies on the quality changes side. The aims of this paper are two. First, we compute new prices index for IT products, using the Hedonic regression approach, and then we compare it with the official prices compiled by National Statistic Institute (INE) for Spain and Bureau Of National Statistics (BEA) for United States. Secondly, we have re-estimated the aggregate deflators for main components of GDP and their respective values in real terms. Finally we analyze the impact of that quality correction over the main magnitudes of National Accounts.Hedonic Price Index; IT sector; Economic growth

Chromogranin A in the olfactory system of the rat

The olfactory bulb of the rat contains chromogranin A at a similar level as the adrenal gland or the hypophysis as revealed by immunoblots. Olfactory chromogranin A also displays the same size as chromogranin A of endocrine cells. In the hippocampus and other brain regions, we could not detect chromogranin A by immunoblotting. In contrast, chromogranin A messenger ribonucleic acid (using S1 nuclease protection assays) was observed in all brain regions examined, including the olfactory bulb. By in situ hybridization histochemistry with a complementary ribonucleic acid probe (280 nucleotides), and by immunocytochemistry, chromogranin A synthesis could be localized to cell bodies of the mitral cell layer, of the external plexiform layer and of the periglomerular region of the olfactory bulb. Immunocytochemically, chromogranin A was also detected in the central projection areas of mitral and tufted cells in the primary olfactory cortex and the anterior amygdaloid area but not in the olfactory glomeruli, where the incoming olfactory nerve fibers of the primary olfactory neurons establish synaptic contacts. Taken together the data show that chromogranin A, following biosynthesis in the perikarya of the mitral and tufted cells, is specifically transported into their axonal terminals but not into their primary dendrites. We propose that the rat olfactory system could serve as a model for the study of chromogranin A regulation and function in neurons

Correlation with basic differentiation processes of neurons

The development of the spinal cord involves the proliferation of neurons, their migration to well-defined areas, fiber outgrowth and synapse formation. The present study was designed to correlate the spatiotemporal pattern of expression of synaptophysin, an integral membrane protein of small synaptic vesicles, with these basic processes occurring during the embryonic development of the rat spinal cord. Thoracic segments of spinal cords from embryonic days 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 and of adult spinal cords were studied. S1 nuclease protection assays and immunoblots revealed minute amounts of specific mRNA and synaptophysin at embryonic day 12. There was a steep increase of mRNA between embryonic days 14 and 16, after which levels reached a plateau. A rise in the amount of synaptophysin in the spinal cord occurred between embryonic days 12 and 14, and the levels changed only slightly until the end of embryonic development. Even higher levels of synaptophysin, found in the adult spinal cord, may indicate that its biosynthesis continued after birth. In situ hybridization histochemistry revealed the localization of specific synaptophysin mRNA in the neuroepithelium. However, immunocytochemistry failed to detect synaptophysin in the neuroepithelial cells. Following migration of the neuroblasts, synaptophysin was found in neurons concomitantly with the onset of fiber outgrowth. Thus, already at embryonic day 12, outgrowing fibers of the dorsal root sensory neurons and of motoneurons were synaptophysin positive. From embryonic day 14 throughout the prenatal period, strong synaptophysin immunoreactivity was seen in the ventrolateral and dorsal parts of the marginal layer. Most likely this staining pattern indicates transient functional synaptic contacts because, in the adult spinal cord, the corresponding region, the white matter, exhibited only faint synaptophysin immunoreactivity. In the intermediate layer of the embryonic spinal cord, which corresponds to the gray matter of the adult spinal cord, synaptophysin-positive fibers were observed prior to the formation of functional synapses. The latter are most likely permanent, since synaptophysin in the adult spinal cord is mainly confined to the gray matter. Our data (i) show transcription and translation of synaptophysin within the neurons of the spinal cord and correlate these processes with proliferation, migration, fiber outgrowth and the formation of transient or permanent synapses, and (ii) prove that synaptophysin is a marker for fiber outgrowth in addition to synapse formation

DLC: Perpetual Commodification of the Video Game

The United States video game industry has become a multi-billion dollar a year business, due in large part to the explosion of downloadable content (DLC). Video game DLC includes handheld gaming and additional content not found on software discs. The DLC trend is examined for its increasing exploitation of video game consumers through a perpetual form of commodification. This article will show that video game DLC is a cyclical form of commodification, though not simply immanent or intertextual. Meaning that players are not paying for a commodity that springs from a previous product, but continually coming back and paying for the same product over and over again. DLC multiplayer maps in the first-person shooter, additional music tracks in rhythm games, and MMORPG microtransactions are explored for the ways they exist to fill the monetary gap between game software releases, but end up simultaneously exploiting consumers and their free/immaterial labor