Efficiency of ETV diagrams as diagnostic tools for long-term period variations. II. Non-conservative mass transfer, and gravitational radiation

The credibility of an eclipse timing variation (ETV) diagram analysis is investigated for various manifestations of the mass transfer and gravitational radiation processes in binary systems. The monotonicity of the period variations and the morphology of the respective ETV diagrams are thoroughly explored in both the direct impact and the accretion disk mode of mass transfer, accompanied by different types of mass and angular momentum losses (through a hot-spot emission from the gainer and via the L2/L3 points). Mass transfer rates comparable to or greater than 10^{-8} M_sun/yr are measurable for typical noise levels of the ETV diagrams, regardless of whether the process is conservative. However, the presence of a transient disk around the more massive component defines a critical mass ratio q_cr ~ 0.83 above which the period turns out to decrease when still in the conservative regime, rendering the measurability of the anticipated variations a much more complicated task. The effects of gravitational radiation proved to be rather undetectable, except for systems with physical characteristics that only refer to cataclysmic variables. Unlike the hot-spot effects, the Lagrangian points L2 and L3 support very efficient routes of strong angular momentum loss. It is further shown that escape of mass via the L3 point - when the donor is the less massive component - safely provides critical mass ratios above which the period is expected to decrease, no matter how intense the process is.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures, 10 tables, published in A&

Public health economic evaluation of different European Union–level policy options aimed at reducing population dietary trans fat intake.

Background: The adverse relation between dietary trans fatty acid (TFA) intake and coronary artery disease risk is well established. Many countries in the European Union (EU) and worldwide have implemented different policies to reduce the TFA intake of their populations. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the added value of EU-level action by estimating the cost-effectiveness of 3 possible EU-level policy measures to reduce population dietary TFA intake. This was calculated against a reference situation of not implementing any EU-level policy (i.e., by assuming only national or selfregulatory measures).post-print582 K

Trans fatty acids in Europe: where do we stand?

Trans fatty acids (TFA) are a particular type of unsaturated fatty acid. They are naturally present in food products made from ruminant animals such as dairy and meat from cattle, sheep or goat (naturally occurring ruminant TFA or rTFA) but can also be produced industrially (TFA of industrial origin or iTFA). Consumption of TFA is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) states that ‘TFA intakes should be as low as is possible within the context of a nutritionally adequate diet'. Denmark was the first country to adopt legislation limiting the content of TFA in foods in 2003. Since 2003, Switzerland (2008), Austria (2009), Iceland (2011), Hungary (2013) and Norway (2014) have legislation in place and now also limit the content of TFA in foodstuffs. EU legislation does not regulate the content of TFA in foodstuffs nor does it require its labelling.The European Parliament and the Council have however requested as part of the recent Regulation (EC) No1169/11 on the provision of food information to consumers that the European Commission (EC) reports on ‘the presence of trans fats in foods and in the overall diet of the Union population’. It is expected that the results can inform further decisions on introducing, at European level, ‘appropriate means that could enable consumers to make healthier food and overall dietary choices or that could promote the provision of healthier food options to consumers, including, among others, the provision of information on trans fats to consumers or restrictions on their use’. This report is a first step in addressing this request. The analysis of the most recent publicly available data confirms reported reduction of TFA in foods but also shows that there are still a number of foods with high levels of TFA (above 2g TFA per 100g of fat) in some European food markets. Results from dietary surveys also indicate that although the overall population TFA intake is below the World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended maximum of 1 E% there are subpopulations exceeding the recommended threshold. As long as products with high TFA content remain in the food market, it is possible that individuals may consume more than the recommended maximum. As it stands, there appears to be room for improvement of the European situation as regards the presence of iTFA in foodstuffs.JRC.I.2-Public Health Policy Suppor

A unified solution for the orbit and light-time effect in the V505 Sgr system

The multiple system V505 Sagittarii is composed of at least three stars: a compact eclipsing pair and a distant component, which orbit is measured directly using speckle interferometry. In order to explain the observed orbit of the third body in V505 Sagittarii and also other observable quantities, namely the minima timings of the eclipsing binary and two different radial velocities in the spectrum, we thoroughly test a fourth-body hypothesis - a perturbation by a dim, yet-unobserved object. We use an N-body numerical integrator to simulate future and past orbital evolution of 3 or 4 components in this system. We construct a suitable chi^2 metric from all available speckle-interferometry, minima-timings and radial-velocity data and we scan a part of a parameter space to get at least some of allowed solutions. In principle, we are able to explain all observable quantities by a presence of a fourth body, but the resulting likelihood of this hypothesis is very low. We also discuss other theoretical explanations of the minima timings variations. Further observations of the minima timings during the next decade or high-resolution spectroscopic data can significantly constrain the model

Close Binary System GO Cyg

In this study, we present long term photometric variations of the close binary system \astrobj{GO Cyg}. Modelling of the system shows that the primary is filling Roche lobe and the secondary of the system is almost filling its Roche lobe. The physical parameters of the system are $M_1 = 3.0\pm0.2 M_{\odot}$, $M_2 = 1.3 \pm 0.1 M_{\odot}$, $R_1 = 2.50\pm 0.12 R_{\odot}$, $R_2 = 1.75 \pm 0.09 R_{\odot}$, $L_1 = 64\pm 9 L_{\odot}$, $L_2 = 4.9 \pm 0.7 L_{\odot}$, and $a = 5.5 \pm 0.3 R_{\odot}$. Our results show that \astrobj{GO Cyg} is the most massive system near contact binary (NCB). Analysis of times of the minima shows a sinusoidal variation with a period of $92.3\pm0.5$ years due to a third body whose mass is less than 2.3$M_{\odot}$. Finally a period variation rate of $-1.4\times10^{-9}$ d/yr has been determined using all available light curves.Comment: Accepted for publication in New Astronomy, 18 pages, 4 figures, 7 table

Period changes in six semi-detached Algol-type binaries

Six semi-detached Algol-type binaries lacking a period analysis were chosen to test for a presence of a third body. The O-C diagrams of these binaries were analyzed with the least-squares method by using all available times of minima. Also fourteen new minima, obtained from our observations, were included in the present research. The light-time effect was adopted as a main factor for the detailed description of the long-term period changes. Third bodies were found with orbital periods from 46 up to 84 years, and eccentricities from 0.0 to 0.78 for the selected binaries. The mass functions and the minimal masses of such bodies were also calculated.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figure

Period changes in six contact binaries: WZ And, V803 Aql, DF Hya, PY Lyr, FZ Ori, and AH Tau

Six contact binaries lacking a period analysis have been chosen to search for the presence of a third body. The O-C diagrams of these binaries were analyzed with the least-squares method by using all available times of minima. Ten new minima times, obtained from our observations, were included in the present research. The Light-Time Effect was adopted for the first time as the main cause for the detailed description of the long-term period changes. Third bodies were found with orbital periods from 49 up to 100 years, and eccentricities from 0.0 to 0.56 for the selected binaries. In one case (WZ And), a fourth-body LITE variation was also applied. The mass functions and the minimal masses of such bodies were also calculated and a possible angular separation and magnitude differences were discussed for a prospective interferometric discovery of these bodies.Comment: 7 pages, 8 figures, 2009 New Astronomy 14, 12

Combining astrometry with the light-time effect: The case of VW Cep, zeta Phe and HT Vir

Three eclipsing binary systems with astrometric orbit have been studied. For a detailed analysis two circular-orbit binaries (VW Cep and HT Vir) and one binary with an eccentric orbit (zeta Phe) have been chosen. Merging together astrometry and the analysis of the times of minima, one is able to describe the orbit of such a system completely. The O-C diagrams and the astrometric orbits of the third bodies were analysed simultaneously for these three systems by the least-squares method. The introduced algorithm is useful and powerful, but also time consuming, due to many parameters which one is trying to derive. The new orbits for the third bodies in these systems were found with periods 30, 221, and 261 yr, and eccentricities 0.63, 0.37, and 0.64 for VW Cep, zeta Phe, and HT Vir, respectively. Also an independent approach to compute the distances to these systems was used. The use of this algorithm to VW Cep gave the distance d=(27.90 +/- 0.29) pc, which is in excellent agreement with the previous Hipparcos result.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables, submitted to A