Changes in the nitrogen compound transformation processes of typical chernozem depending on the tillage systems and fertilizers

Saabunud / Received 15.12.2021 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 18.06.2022 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 18.06.2022 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Andrii Butenko ; [email protected] analysis of efficiency’s research of interrelation between soil’s biomass and tillage systems and fertilizers is done. The number of microorganisms responsible for the transformation of nitrogen compounds and their state in typical black soil was studied. There is evidence-based scientific and practical research on the effectiveness of these microbiological processes and the improvement of environmental performance through the various fertilizer systems and soil tillage. The use of an organic-mineral fertilizer system increases the total number of soil microorganisms and exponential mobilization processes, compared to the variant without fertilizers. This pattern is clear in the variants of shelf tillage for row crop rotation. The number of microorganisms that absorb mineral compounds of nitrogen decreased by 24%, bacteria ammonification by 1.5–5.7% compared to plough tillage. The ratio between the number of microorganisms accounted for the nutrient laboratory solutions for organic-mineral fertilizer system, compared to variants without fertilizers, is greater by 20–26% for differentiated and 14–35% for shallow tillage

Management of land reclamation quality for agricultural use in opencast mining

Purpose. Theoretical substantiation of principles and development of recommendations for the choice of technological variant to form the quality of lands of technogenic origin, which would ensure rational spending of funds allotted for reclamation and preservation of the reclaimed lands suitability for agricultural use with the highest requirements for agrophysical soil characteristics. Methods. The following methods were used in the process of the research: the method of theoretical generalization and systematization (to determine the characteristics peculiar to the formation of qualitative characteristics of man-made soil using mechanization of reclamation works), analytical (to determine the factors influencing the effectiveness of land reclamation in opencast mining), comparison (to analyze the efficiency of different versions of reclamation works mechanization). Findings. The influence of technical means of reclamation works mechanization on the quality of lands subject to restoration in conditions of opencast mining is analyzed. A methodological approach to the choice of mechanization of land reclamation works in respect to the indicators of the formed quality of technogenic agricultural lands as a factor of their monetary valuation and the level of costs for their reproduction is proposed. Recommendations for quality management of man-made lands by technical support of the process of their consumer properties formation, aimed at achieving a favorable ratio between quality and, accordingly, monetary valuation of man-made lands, on the one hand, and, on the other, – the cost of their reclamation. Originality. A scientific and methodological approach to the choice of technical equipment for reclamation works is proposed, where two factors are considered: reclamation costs and quality of man-made lands, which allows to determine the priority of cost savings or land quality improvement according to the target criterion of reclamation works efficiency. Practical implications. The obtained results are aimed at improving the methodological bases for management of the manmade lands reclamation process based on the choice of its mechanization means.Мета. Теоретичне обґрунтування засад та розробка рекомендацій щодо вибору технологічного варіанту формування якості земель техногенного походження, які б відповідали вимогам раціонального використання коштів на рекультивацію та збереження придатності відтворених земель до використання за сільськогосподарським напрямом, як таким, що має найвищі вимоги щодо агрофізичних характеристик ґрунту. Методика. У процесі дослідження використано метод теоретичного узагальнення та систематизації (для визначення особливостей формування якісних характеристик техногенного ґрунту з використанням засобів механізації рекультиваційних робіт), аналітичний (для визначення факторів, що впливають на результативність відтворення земель в умовах відкритих гірничих розробок), порівняння (для аналізу ефективності різних варіантів механізації рекультиваційних робіт). Результати. Здійснено аналіз впливу технічних засобів механізації рекультиваційних робіт на якість земель, що підлягають відтворенню в умовах відкритих гірничих розробок. Запропоновано методичний підхід до вибору варіанту механізації робіт з рекультивації земель за показниками сформованої якості техногенних земель сільськогосподарського призначення, як чинника їх грошової оцінки, та рівнем витрат на їх відтворення. Розроблено рекомендації щодо управління якістю техногенних земель шляхом технічного забезпечення процесу формування їх споживчих властивостей, скерованого на досягнення сприятливого співвідношення, з одного боку, між якістю та, відповідно, грошовою оцінкою техногенних угідь, а з іншого – витратами на їх відтворення. Наукова новизна. Запропоновано науково-методичний підхід до вибору технічного устаткування для проведення рекультиваційних робіт, який відрізняється урахуванням двох чинників – витрат на рекультивацію та якість техногенних земель, і дозволяє визначити пріоритетність заощадження витрат або покращення якості земель за цільовим критерієм ефективності рекультиваційних робіт. Практична значимість. Отримані результати спрямовані на удосконалення методичних основ управління процесом відтворення техногенних земель на основі вибору засобів його механізації.Цель. Теоретическое обоснование принципов и разработка рекомендаций относительно выбора технологического варианта формирования качества земель техногенного происхождения, соответствующего требованиям рационального использования средств на рекультивацию и обеспечения пригодности воспроизводимых земель к сельскохозяйственному использованию, предусматривающему наиболее высокие требования к агрофизическим характеристикам почв. Методика. В процессе исследования использованы метод теоретического обобщения и систематизации (для определения особенностей формирования качественных характеристик техногенного грунта с использованием средств механизации рекультивационных работ), аналитический (для определения факторов, влияющих на результативность воспроизводства земель в условиях открытых горных разработок), сравнения (для анализа эффективности различных вариантов механизации рекультивационных работ). Результаты. Выполнен анализ влияния технических средств механизации рекультивационных работ на качество земель, подлежащих восстановлению в условиях открытых горных разработок. Предложен методический подход к выбору варианта механизации работ по рекультивации земель в зависимости от его влияния на качество техногенных земель сельскохозяйственного назначения как фактора денежной оценки и уровня затрат на их восстановление. Разработаны рекомендации по управлению качеством техногенных земель путем технического обеспечения процесса формирования их потребительских свойств, направленного на достижение благоприятного соотношения, с одной стороны, между качеством и, соответственно, денежной оценкой техногенных угодий, а с другой – затратами на их восстановление. Научная новизна. Предложен научно-методический подход к выбору технического оборудования для проведения рекультивационных работ, позволяющий на основе учета затрат на рекультивацию и качества техногенных земель определять приоритетность экономии затрат или улучшения качества земель согласно целевому критерию эффективности рекультивационных работ. Практическая значимость. Полученные результаты направлены на совершенствование методических основ управления процессом восстановления техногенных земель на основе выбора средств его механизации.The authors extend their gratitude to the professor, Ph.D. Prokopenko Vasyl Ivanovych for the phase consultations during preparation of the present scientific article

Assessment of the Soil Buffer Capacity in the Sea of Azov Basin Under Heavy Metal Pollution

Heavy metals (HM) are among the most hazardous soil pollutants. The intensity of accumulation and distribution of HM in soils directly depends on the ecological conditions of pedogenesis and its buffering properties. At the same time, a significant accumulation of HM in the soil as a result of anthropogenic impacts reduces the buffering capacity of the soil and its resistance to pollution. The purpose of this work was to assess the buffering capacity of soils to HM pollution in the Don River delta and the coast of the Taganrog Bay of the Sea of Azov undergoing the great anthropogenic impact. The buffer capacity of experimental soils was carried out using the Il’in’s method (1995), based on the calculation of the inactivation ability of soils: organic matter, clay fraction (particle size < 0.01 mm), carbonates, sesquioxides, and pH. The content of HM was compared with soil Clarke and the maximum permissible concentration of HM in soils accepted in the Russian Federation. It was found that the experimental soils could be ordered by buffer capacity value as following (in decreasing order): haplic chernozem ≥ alluvial-meadow light loamy ≥ solonchak > alluvial-meadow sandy and sandy loamy > sandy primitive soil ≥ stratified alluvial soil. Keywords: trace elements, contamination, impact territorie

Phenological shifts of abiotic events, producers and consumers across a continent

Ongoing climate change can shift organism phenology in ways that vary depending on species, habitats and climate factors studied. To probe for large-scale patterns in associated phenological change, we use 70,709 observations from six decades of systematic monitoring across the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Among 110 phenological events related to plants, birds, insects, amphibians and fungi, we find a mosaic of change, defying simple predictions of earlier springs, later autumns and stronger changes at higher latitudes and elevations. Site mean temperature emerged as a strong predictor of local phenology, but the magnitude and direction of change varied with trophic level and the relative timing of an event. Beyond temperature-associated variation, we uncover high variation among both sites and years, with some sites being characterized by disproportionately long seasons and others by short ones. Our findings emphasize concerns regarding ecosystem integrity and highlight the difficulty of predicting climate change outcomes. The authors use systematic monitoring across the former USSR to investigate phenological changes across taxa. The long-term mean temperature of a site emerged as a strong predictor of phenological change, with further imprints of trophic level, event timing, site, year and biotic interactions.Peer reviewe

Chronicles of nature calendar, a long-term and large-scale multitaxon database on phenology

We present an extensive, large-scale, long-term and multitaxon database on phenological and climatic variation, involving 506,186 observation dates acquired in 471 localities in Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan. The data cover the period 1890-2018, with 96% of the data being from 1960 onwards. The database is rich in plants, birds and climatic events, but also includes insects, amphibians, reptiles and fungi. The database includes multiple events per species, such as the onset days of leaf unfolding and leaf fall for plants, and the days for first spring and last autumn occurrences for birds. The data were acquired using standardized methods by permanent staff of national parks and nature reserves (87% of the data) and members of a phenological observation network (13% of the data). The database is valuable for exploring how species respond in their phenology to climate change. Large-scale analyses of spatial variation in phenological response can help to better predict the consequences of species and community responses to climate change.Peer reviewe

Improvement of open field development technology as a factor in the formation of quality and market value of reclaimed land

An analysis of the results of the reproduction of land in an open development of a horizontal mineral deposit has been carried out. The interconnection of the method and the system of open development of the deposit with the qualitative and quantitative levels of land reclamation, as well as their monetary estimation according to the direction of use, is substantiated. The principle of this approach to the planning of land abandonment measures at a mining enterprise from the point of view of the subordination of the technological processes of mining of minerals to the results of the reproduction of land in previous periods is proposed, which allows to take into account the quality of reproduction of land for determining the extent of their violation. The technological scheme of organization of mining works and land reclamation works is shown, which involves synchronization of these processes in terms of disturbance and reproduction of lands, as well as formation of a more qualitative soil layer due to its selective displacement. The components and peculiarities of the formation of the economic effect are determined from the introduction of dynamic schemes for the development of a quarry field on their relation to the cost of land leakage in the development of horizontal mineral deposits in the stages of the life cycle of a quarry

TRIK studio: Technical introduction

This paper presents TRIK Studio - an environment for visual (and textual) programming of robotic kits, which is used in educational organizations across Russia and Europe. First part of the article provides overview of the system - its purpose, features, differences from similar programming environments, general difficulties of robot programming and solutions proposed by TRIK Studio. Second part presents implementation details of TRIK Studio and its most interesting components. This article combines five fields of study: robotics, domain-specific visual modeling, education, formal methods and methods of program analysis. Main contribution of this article is detailed technical description of TRIK Studio as complex and successful open-source cross-platform robot programming environment written in C++/Qt, and first part of the article can also be interesting for teachers as it provides an overview of existing robot programming tools and related problems

Comparison of Ionospheric Response to Two Types of Electron Concentration Disturbances

Based on the data of vertical sounding of the ionosphere in Almaty in 2000–2008, the paper deals with the response of the F2-layer to the passage of large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs) and the formation of the nighttime enhancements in the electron concentration of the F2-layer. For these two types of perturbations, we compared behavior in the time of the following layer parameters: the height of maximum of the layer (hmF), the height of the bottom of the layer (hbotF), the half-thickness of the layer (Δh = hmF − hbotF), the electron concentration at fixed heights and at the maximum of the layer (NmF), the height profiles of the nighttime enhancement peak-to-peak value of the F2-layer (A), and the height hAm corresponding to the maximum enhancement amplitude. The parameters hmF, hbotF and Δh demonstrate similar dependences associated with the temporal expansion and upward rise of the ionospheric layer and its lowering, accompanied by layer compression, giving an NmF peak at the moment of maximum compression. The common features of the profiles of two types of disturbances are found: the height hAm is always below hmF, there is a good correlation between hAm and hmF, and the difference between hAm and hmF increases linearly with hmF

Radiation-induced defect reactions in tin-doped Ge crystals

We have recently shown that Sn impurity atoms are effective traps for vacancies (V) in Ge:Sn crystals irradiated with MeV electrons at room temperature [V.P. Markevich etal., J. Appl. Phys. 109 (2011) 083705]. A hole trap with 0.19 eV activation energy for hole emission to the valence band (Eh) has been assigned to an acceptor level of the Sn-V complex. In the present work electrically active defects introduced into Ge:Sn+P crystals by irradiation with 6 MeV electrons and subsequent isochronal annealing in the temperature range 50-300 °C have been studied by means of transient capacitance techniques and ab-initio density functional modeling. It is found that the Sn-V complex anneals out upon heat-treatments in the temperature range 50-100 °C. Its disappearance is accompanied by the formation of vacancy-phosphorus (VP) centers. The disappearance of the VP defect upon thermal annealing in irradiated Sn-doped Ge crystals is accompanied by the effective formation of a defect which gives rise to a hole trap with Eh = 0.21 eV and is more thermally stable than other secondary radiation-induced defects in Ge:P samples. This defect is identified as tinvacancy- phosphorus (SnVP) complex. It is suggested that the effective interaction of the VP centers with tin atoms and high thermal stability of the SnVP complex can result in suppression of transient enhanced diffusion of phosphorus atoms in Ge. © (2011) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland