Comment letters to the National Commission on Commission on Fraudulent Financial Reporting, 1987 (Treadway Commission) Vol. 1

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Registered Ship Notes

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POST-EXERCISE HYPOTENSIVE RESPONSES TO ACUTE ISOVOLUMETRIC STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE EXERCISE

Madison Colson, Matthew D. Ruiz, Ruth N. Henry, Laurel A. Littlefield. Lipscomb University, Cookeville, TN. BACKGROUND: Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) has been documented following acute resistance training sessions that range from approximately 40 - 80% of the 1-repetition maximum (1 RM). Most authors report statistically significant reductions in systolic blood pressure (SBP), with more varied results related to diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of acute isovolumetric resistance training sessions at 40% and 80% 1RM on post-exercise blood pressure in a group of healthy participants from a local community fitness facility. METHODS: Twelve individuals (Age = 23 ± 5 years; BMI = 27.9 + 6.8 kg/m2; SBP = 121 + 8 mmHg; DBP = 69 + 7 mmHg) completed 1 RM testing following ACSM’s guidelines prior to completing 3 experimental sessions: non-exercise control, exercise at 40% 1RM, and exercise at 80% 1RM. Exercise conditions were matched for volume and included 7 exercises that were completed using resistance machines (Matrix, Cottage Grove, WI). Blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were measured pre-exercise and every 15 minutes post-exercise for 1-hour (Greater Goods, Balance, USA). Dependent variables were analyzed using 3x4 factorial ANOVAs with repeated measures. Tukey post-hoc testing was used to determine differences between individual group means. Alpha was set at 0.05. RESULTS: DBP (p = 0.01) and MAP (p \u3c 0.01) were lower and HR (p = 0.01) higher following both exercise conditions when compared to non-exercise control. In addition, there were statistically significant main effects for time for SBP (p = 0.03), DBP (p \u3c 0.01), MAP (p \u3c 0.01), and HR (p \u3c 0.01). SBP was lower at 30 when compared to 60 minutes, while DBP was lower at 15 when compared to 45 and 60 minutes. MAP was reduced at 15 and 30 compared to 60 minutes, and HR was higher at 15 when compared to 30, 45, and 60 minutes, and at 30 when compared to 45 and 60 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to other studies, we report no main effect for SBP following acute resistance exercise. Blood pressure was lower at 15 and/or 30 when compared to 60 minutes following exercise. Acute resistance exercise at both 40 and 80% of 1 RM is effective at lowering DBP and MAP in the hour following exercise despite maintained elevations in heart rate

Rural Cooperatives Magazine, September/October 2009

Features - Cooperatives Set Sales, Income Records; The Market Power Problem; Honey Co-op Buzzing in Chicago; Identity Heft; Communications Can Help Co-ops Shine; Full Sail for Shipwrights' Co-op; More VeraSun Ethanol Plants Sold; Bagby, Dorman Named Top Co-op Communicators; Feeding the Concrete Co

The Amber System: Parallel Programming on a Network of Multiprocessors

Microprocessor-based shared-memory multiprocessors are becoming widely available and promise to provide cost-effective high-performance computing. This paper describes a programming system called Amber which permits a single application program to use a homogeneous network of multiprocessors in a uniform way, making the network appear to the application as an integrated, non-uniform memory access, shared-memory multiprocessor. This simplifies the development of applications and allows compute-intensive parallel programs to effectively harness the potential of multiple nodes. Amber programs are written using an object-oriented subset of the C++ programming language, supplemented with primitives for managing concurrency and distribution. Amber provides a network-wide shared-object virtual memory in which coherence is provided by hardware means for locally-executing threads, and by software means for remote accesses. Amber runs on top of the Topaz operating system on a network of DEC SRC ..

EFFECTS OF HIGH-INTENSITY INTERVAL, ENDURANCE, AND COMBINED TRAINING ON VO2MAX, BODY COMPOSITION, MUSCULAR ENDURANCE

BACKGROUND: Functional training is commonly conducted using high-intensity interval training (HIIT) where heart rate exceeds 85% of age-predicted maximum. Traditional forms of HIIT have primarily been studied using cycling or running, and more work is needed to define the effects of functional HIIT and to compare it to combined training that incorporates an equal mix of traditional and functional work. The purpose of the present study was to compare 4 weeks of functional HIIT, endurance, and combined HIIT and endurance training on markers of health-related fitness. METHODS: Fifteen recreationally active participants (age= 21.8 + 3.1 years, BMI = 24.5 + 3.9 kg/m2, VO2max = 33.6 + 8.7 ml/kg/min, percent body fat = 33.2 + 8.9 %) were divided into 3 groups: HIIT, endurance, or combined training. HIIT workouts consisted of 3 rounds of 8 bodyweight exercises with a 2:1 work-rest ratio, and participants were coached to exercise maximally or near-maximally during each block with heart rate recorded continuously throughout each session. Endurance exercise was performed on a treadmill at an intensity of 60-70% heart rate reserve (HRR) for 30 minutes. All participants completed 3 exercise sessions per week over 4 weeks, with the combined group completing 6 sessions of HIIT and 6 sessions of endurance exercise. VO2max, body composition, and muscular endurance (1-minute push-ups, curl-ups, and weighted goblet box squats) were measured pre- and post-training. Separate factorial ANOVAs were used to assess changes in each dependent variable with Bonferroni post-hoc testing. RESULTS: Significant main effects for time were found for VO2max (p=0.01) with improvements in the HIIT group post-training (p=0.014). Significant interaction (p=0.013) and main effects for time (p=0.013) were observed for lean body mass with significant increases in the HIIT group (p&lt0.001). Push-ups and curl-ups displayed significant main effects for time (p&lt0.001 and p=0.001, respectively), with improvements in the HIIT(push-ups: p=0.005; curl-ups: p=0.016) and combined (push-ups: p=0.007; curl-ups:p=0.001) groups. CONCLUSIONS: Engaging in functional HIIT 3 days per week for 4 weeks improves VO2max and lean body mass. HIIT and combined training are effective for improving muscular endurance, but more than 6 sessions of HIIT are necessary to induce changes in aerobic fitness or body composition

The Effect of ProHydrolase® on the Amino Acid and Intramuscular Anabolic Signaling Response to Resistance Exercise in Trained Males

This double-blind study examined effects of a protease enzyme blend (Prohydrolase®) added to whey protein on post-resistance exercise aminoacidemia and intramuscular anabolic signaling were investigated in ten resistance-trained males. Participants completed 4 sets of 8–10 repetitions in the leg press and leg extension exercises at 75% of 1-repetition maximum. Participants then consumed either 250 mg of Prohydrolase® + 26 g of whey protein (PW), 26 g whey alone (W), or non-nutritive control (CON) in counterbalanced order. Blood samples were obtained prior to exercise (baseline) and then immediately-post (IP), 30-, 60-, 90-, 120-, and 180-min post-exercise. Muscle biopsies were taken at baseline, 1-h (1H), and 3-h (3H) post-exercise. Phosphorylation of AKTSer437 was decreased (3H only: p < 0.001), mTORSer2448 was increased (1H: p = 0.025; 3H: p = 0.009), and p70S6KThr412 remained unchanged similarly for each condition. Plasma leucine, branch-chained amino acids, and essential amino acid concentrations for PW were significantly higher than CON (p < 0.05) at 30 min and similar to W. Compared to IP, PW was the only treatment with elevated plasma leucine levels at 30 min (p = 0.007; ∆ = 57.8 mmol/L, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 20.0, 95.6) and EAA levels at 180 min (p = 0.003; ∆ = 179.1 mmol/L, 95% CI: 77.5, 280.7). Area under the curve amino acid analysis revealed no differences between PW and W. While no different than W, these data indicate that PW was the only group to produce elevated amino acid concentrations 30-min and 180-min post-ingestion