In Defense of “Footnote Four”: A Historical Analysis of the New Deal’s Effect on Land Regulation in the U.S. Supreme Court

At the turn of the nineteenth century, the US Supreme Court established and reinforced numerous so-called economic rights. During the Lochner v. New York era, the Court invalidated almost 200 federal and state economic and labor regulations for interfering with the right to contract and for violating substantive due process. In 1937, however, Justice Stone\u27s famous footnote four in United States v. Carolene Products Co. closed the coffin on Lochner. After Carolene Products, the Court stopped applying heightened scrutiny to economic legislation, and it began consciously protecting discrete and insular minorities. Here, Dodrill explains the Lochner-era Supreme Court\u27s standard of review through an analysis of land-regulation cases decided between 1909 and 1937. He also describes the approach taken by the Court after Carolene Products, between 1937 and 1980, and demonstrates that the Court\u27s approach did not become more government-friendly, but if anything, became more landowner-friendly

Video Ventures in Multimedia: The Making of an Accountability Database

Oregon Invests! is a communications tool used by administrators in Oregon State University\u27s College of Agricultural Sciences

A Study of The Relation of Achievement In Particular Fields In High School To Achievement In Particular Fields In College: Being A Study of 280 Freshmen Who Entered The Fort Hays Kansas State College In September, 1930

This study has two purposes. The first one is to determine the high school achievement of the Freshman class who entered the Fort Hays Kansas State College in September, 1930. The second purpose is to determine to what extent college success in the various fields, English, Mathematics, Natural Science, and Social Science, can be predicted from success in the corresponding fields in high school

Video Teleconference Evaluation at Land-Grant Universities

The Study was designed to examine trends in video teleconference evaluation at U.S. land-grant universities. It also examined the lack of published evaluation results

Oral History Interview: Charles R. Dodrill

This interview is one of a series conducted concerning West Virginia police history. At the time of the interview, Charles R. Dodrill was a member of the F.O.P. (Fraternal Order of Police?). He discusses: what the F.O.P. is, its duties, its activities, and its membership requirements; as well as Golden Gloves (a boxing program?) and an annual Christmas party for underprivileged children.https://mds.marshall.edu/oral_history/1316/thumbnail.jp

Systemic lipopolysaccharide stimulates airway transepithelial Na+ transport by increasing ENaC and Na+,K+ -pump activity

Our laboratory found that systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 4 mg/kg) hyperpolarized the transepithelial potential difference (V t) of tracheal epithelium in the isolated, perfused trachea (IPT) of the guinea pig 18 h after injection. We hypothesized that LPS stimulates the transepithelial movement of Na+ via the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)/Na+,K+-pump axis, leading to hyperpolarization of Vt. LPS increased the Vt response to amiloride, i.e., offset the effect of LPS, indicating that Na+ transport was increased. The functional activity of ENaC was measured in the IPT after short-circuiting the Na+,K+-pump with basolateral amphotericin B. LPS had no effect on the hyperpolarization response to apical trypsin in the Ussing chamber, indicating that channel activating proteases are not involved in the LPS-induced activation of ENaC. To assess Na+,K +-pump activity in the IPT, ENaC was short-circuited with apical amphotericin B. The greater Vt in the presence of amphotericin B in tracheas from LPS-treated animals compared to controls revealed that LPS increased Na+,K+-pump activity. This finding was confirmed in the Ussing chamber by inhibiting the Na+,K+-pump via extracellular K+ removal, loading the epithelium with Na +, and observing a greater hyperpolarization response to K + restoration. Using qPCR, the effects of LPS on the transcription of alphaENaC, alpha1 Na+,K+-pump, COX-2, eNOS, iNOS, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha were measured at 3 and 18 h. In the epithelium, LPS increased the transcription of COX-2, IL-1beta, and, to nonsignificant extent, TNF-alpha at 3 h, but not at 18 h. In alveolar macrophages, TNF-alpha, and, to a nonsignificant extent, COX-2 and IL-1beta were up-regulated at 3 h, but not at 18 h. Even though LPS stimulated the transcription of some genes, alphaENaC and alpha1 Na +,K+-ATPase transcription were not affected. The expression of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-ENaC and alpha1 Na+,K+-pump from tracheal epithelium and kidney cortex/medulla were investigated by western blotting. All three ENaC subunits were detected as cleavage fragments, yet LPS had no effect on their expression. LPS increased the expression of the alpha1 subunit and the alpha 1-, alpha2-, and alpha3-subunits, collectively, of the Na+,K+-pump. Taken together, the findings of this study reveal that LPS hyperpolarizes the airway epithelium by increasing the activities of ENaC and the Na+,K+-pump. ENaC activation by LPS is not accomplished via a change in ENaC regulation involving proteolytic cleavage. LPS increases Na+ transport downstream of the genetic level, in part, by stimulating the expression of the Na+,K+-pump