Occurrence and transformation of veterinary pharmaceuticals and biocides in manure: a literature review

The spread of veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) and biocides via manure onto agriculturally used areas represents a very important emission into the environment for these product groups. Within this literature study, publicly available transformation studies with liquid manure are summarized. Transformation studies were evaluated regarding the transformation fate of tested substances, the origin and characteristics of used manure, the experimental setup, and the measured parameters. As main topics within the 42 evaluated transformation studies, the high dependency of transformation on temperature, redox potential, dry matter content, and other parameters is reported. Test duration throughout the studies ranged from 2 to 374 days and study temperature ranged from 5 to 55 °C. Only seven publications gave information on the redox potential of the manure. Further, the characterization of the matrix in many cases was inadequate due to missing parameters such as dry matter content or pH. Only three publications studied transformation of biocides. To allow for a consistent assessment of studies within the registration process, a harmonized internationally accepted and validated test method is needed. Additionally, monitoring data of VMPs in manure were collected from literature and evaluated regarding the origin and characteristics of the manure, the minimum/maximum found concentrations, and the percentage of identified compounds. Within the 27 evaluated publications, 1568 manure samples were analyzed and 39 different active substances for VMPs and 11 metabolites and transformation products of VMPs could be found in manure. Most often, the samples were analyzed for sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones. Not one study searched for biocides or worked with a non-target approach. For sulfadiazine and chlortetracycline, concentrations exceeding the predicted environmental concentrations were found

A refined sub-grid model for black hole accretion and AGN feedback in large cosmological simulations

In large scale cosmological hydrodynamic simulations simplified sub-grid models for gas accretion onto black holes and AGN feedback are commonly used. Such models typically depend on various free parameters, which are not well constrained. We present a new advanced model containing a more detailed description of AGN feedback, where those parameters reflect the results of recent observations. The model takes the dependency of these parameters on the black hole properties into account and describes a continuous transition between the feedback processes acting in the so-called radio-mode and quasar-mode. In addition, we implement a more detailed description of the accretion of gas onto black holes by distinguishing between hot and cold gas accretion. Our new implementations prevent black holes from gaining too much mass, particularly at low redshifts so that our simulations are now very successful in reproducing the observed present-day black hole mass function. Our new model also suppresses star formation in massive galaxies slightly more efficiently than many state-of-the-art models. Therefore, the simulations that include our new implementations produce a more realistic population of quiescent and star-forming galaxies compared to recent observations, even if some discrepancies remain. In addition, the baryon conversion efficiencies in our simulation are - except for the high mass end - consistent with observations presented in literature over the mass range resolved by our simulations. Finally, we discuss the significant impact of the feedback model on the low-luminous end of the AGN luminosity function.Comment: 25 pages, 19 figures. MNRAS accepted. Magneticum website: http://www.magneticum.or

Upaya Peningkatan Keaktifan Belajar Ekonomi Melalui Penggunaan Metode Discovery Learning Pada Siswa Kelas X 2 Sma Negeri 1 Polanharjo Tahun Ajaran 2015/2016

Class Action Research aims to improve students' learning activeness on economic subjects through a learning model Discovery Learning (Invention). The research subject is class X 2 SMA Negeri 1 Polanharjoyang totaled 18 students. Data collection methods used were observation, interviews, field notes and documentation. To ensure the validity of data used triangulation techniques. Data analysis technique used consisted of data reduction, data presentation and verification of data. The results showed an increase in the activity of students in the learning economy through the application of learning models Discovery Learning (Invention). It can be seen from 1) activity of students participating in performing the task of learning before the action amounted to 33.33% and after the action to be 100%. 2) Students who engage in problem solving before the action amounted to 27.77% and to 83.33% after the action. 3) Students who dared to ask other students or teachers before actions 22.22% and amounted to 66.66% after the action. 4) Students are trying to find the information needed to solve the problem before the action amounted to 27.77% and amounted to 61.11% after the action. 5) Students who carry out the corresponding command group discussions teacher before action by 16.66% and amounted to 55.55% after the action. 6) students assess her abilities and the results obtained prior to action by 11.11% and after action by 50%. From the research results support the hypothesis "if the learning economy through the application of learning models Discovery Learning is done properly and appropriately, it can enhance the activity of students in the learning economy"

Understanding Perceptions about Contraceptive Responsibility Among Adolescents

Invited Commentary on Attitudes Surrounding Contraceptive Responsibility: Do Latino Adolescents Differ From Other Groups

Origin and properties of dual and offset active galactic nuclei in a cosmological simulation at z=2

In the last few years, it became possible to observationally resolve galaxies with two distinct nuclei in their centre. For separations smaller than 10kpc, dual and offset active galactic nuclei (AGN) are distinguished: in dual AGN, both nuclei are active, whereas in offset AGN only one nucleus is active. To study the origin of such AGN pairs, we employ a cosmological, hydrodynamic simulation with a large volume of (182Mpc)^3 from the set of Magneticum Pathfinder Simulations. The simulation self-consistently produces 35 resolved black hole (BH) pairs at redshift z=2, with a comoving distance smaller than 10kpc. 14 of them are offset AGN and nine are dual AGN, resulting in a fraction of (1.2 \pm 0.3)% AGN pairs with respect to the total number of AGN. In this paper, we discuss fundamental differences between the BH and galaxy properties of dual AGN, offset AGN and inactive BH pairs and investigate their different triggering mechanisms. We find that in dual AGN the BHs have similar masses and the corresponding BH from the less massive progenitor galaxy always accretes with a higher Eddington ratio. In contrast, in offset AGN the active BH is typically more massive than its non-active counterpart. Furthermore, dual AGN in general accrete more gas from the intergalactic medium than offset AGN and non-active BH pairs. This highlights that merger events, particularly minor mergers, do not necessarily lead to strong gas inflows and thus, do not always drive strong nuclear activity.Comment: 17 pages, 18 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS, website: http://www.magneticum.or

PENGARUH SERVICE QUALITY, SATISFACTION, STICKINESS, DAN USAGE INTENTION PADA PENGGUNAAN APLIKASI WHATSAPP DI SURABAYA

The purpose of this research is to understand and analyze the influenceof service quality, satisfaction, stickiness toward usage intentionon the application of WhatsApp in Surabaya. Data processing was conducted using software SPSS AMOS 20. The sampling technique thatused is non-probability sampling. 150 respondents, who qualify the specified characteristics of the population were the total of sample used in this research whichdistributed by off line quetionaire. The result of this research that there was a positive influence betweenenvironment quality on satisfaction, a positive influence between outcome quality on satisfaction, a positive influence between satisfaction on usage intention, a positive influence between satisfaction on stickiness, a positive influence between stickiness on usage intention and mediating role of stickiness between satisfaction and usage intention is confirmed

Possible role of membrane gamma-glutamyltransferase activity in the facilitation of transferrin-dependent and -independent iron uptake by cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: The molecular mechanisms by which iron is physiologically transported trough the cellular membranes are still only partially understood. Several studies indicate that a reduction step of ferric iron to ferrous is necessary, both in the case of transferrin-mediated and transferrin-independent iron uptake. Recent studies from our laboratory described gamma-glutamyltransferase activity (GGT) as a factor capable to effect iron reduction in the cell microenvironment. GGT is located on the outer aspect of plasma membrane of most cell types, and is often expressed at high levels in malignant tumors and their metastases. The present study was aimed at verifying the possibility that GGT-mediated iron reduction may participate in the process of cellular iron uptake. RESULTS: Four distinct human tumor cell lines, exhibiting different levels of GGT activity, were studied. The uptake of transferrin-bound iron was investigated by using (55)Fe-loaded transferrin, as well as by monitoring fluorimetrically the intracellular iron levels in calcein-preloaded cells. Transferrin-independent iron uptake was investigated using (55)Fe complexed by nitrilotriacetic acid ((55)Fe-NTA complex). The stimulation of GGT activity, by administration to cells of the substrates glutathione and glycyl-glycine, was generally reflected in a facilitation of transferrin-bound iron uptake. The extent of such facilitation was correlated with the intrinsic levels of the enzyme present in each cell line. Accordingly, inhibition of GGT activity by means of two independent inhibitors, acivicin and serine/boric acid complex, resulted in a decreased uptake of transferrin-bound iron. With Fe-NTA complex, the inhibitory effect – but not the stimulatory one – was also observed. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that membrane GGT can represent a facilitating factor in iron uptake by GGT-expressing cancer cells, thus providing them with a selective growth advantage over clones that do not possess the enzyme