The benefits of vitamin D3 supplementation for menopausal women - literature review

Witamina D to potoczna nazwa cholekalcyferolu i ergokalcyferolu. Występuje w postaci nieaktywnej, ale w wyniku hydroksylacji w pozycji 1 lub 25 staje się witaminą aktywną. Cholekalcyferol paszy z nieaktywnej formy pod wydanie UV w ciało ciało, natomiast ergosterol jest dostarczany do organizmu z pożywienia roślinnego. Witamina D ma znaczący wpływ na zdrowie kobiet po menopauzie. Poziom estrogenu spada u kobiety w okresie menopauzy. Ma to konsekwencje m.in. ubytki wapnia. To jest powód, dla którego kobiety w tym wieku znajduje się w grupie ryzyka zachorowania na osteoporozę. Witamina D pomaga w przyswajaniu wapnia i fosforu. Te minerały pełnią wolę wolę w okresie menopauzy.Kobiety w tej grupie wiekowej przyjmować od 1000 do 1500 mg dziennie. Nie zaleca się nadmiernego spożycia, przekroczenie normy nie przynosi lepszych efektów. Mimo to wykrycie niedoboru witaminy D u kobiet po menopauzie i rozpoczęcie leczenia pozytywnie wpływ na ich stan zdrowia. [1

Wartość prognostyczno-terapeutyczna limfadenektomii w onkologii ginekologicznej

Lymphadenectomy is an integral part of gynecological cancer surgery, however there is still lack of standardization in the terminology used. In the current literature several types of surgical procedures for pelvic lymph nodes dissection are recognized. Complete pelvic lymphadenectomy is defined as the removal of all fatty lymphatic tissue from the predicted areas of high incidence of lymph nodes with possible metastatic involvement. Para-aortic lymphadenectomy is defined as the removal of all lymphatic tissue from the aortic region. The latter is divided into two levels: the lower - up to the inferior mesenteric artery and the upper - up to the left renal vein. Another classification divided pelvic and aortic lymphadenectomy into three classes. Class I is defined as the removal of the chosen lymph nodes, class II as the removal of lymph nodes located ventrally and laterally to the large retroperitoneal pelvic vessels, obturator nerves and laterally to the aorta and the inferior vena cava, whereas class III as the complete removal of lymphatic tissue surrounding the iliac vessels, obturator pits, dorsally to the obturator nerve and the presacral lymph tissue around the aorta and the inferior vena cava. In each gynecological cancer, depending on the severity of the disease different procedures are applied concerning lymphadenectomy. In patients with advanced ovarian cancer systematic lymphadenectomy prolongs the survival rate. Omission of systematic lymphadenectomy can be considered only for patients with mucinous carcinoma G1 level. In the case of vulvar cancer, removal of pelvic, iliac and obturator lymph nodes is inappropriate as it has not been proven to result in an increased survival rate. Inguinal lymphadenectomy in this cancer depends on the stage and location of the primary tumor - at an early stage vulvar cancer located laterally a superficial, unilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy can be performed, if the primary lesion is located centrally an inguinal lymphadenectomy should be performed on both sides. Deep inguinal lymphadenectomy should be performed only in cases where: primary tumor is located centrally in case of cancer in the early stages, in advanced stage and in patients with metastases in the superficial nodes. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is an alternative method that can be offered to patients with early-stage vulvar cancer located laterally. Lymphadenectomy in endometrial cancer is beneficial in stages I G3, II and III. In stages I G1 and G2 an increase in the survival time has not been shown. The cervical cancer stage IB -IIA removal of para-aortic lymph nodes (to the mesenteric artery) is indicated in patients with large tumors and suspected or known disease in the pelvic nodes. In patients in whom diagnostic imaging studies have not shown metastasis in para-aortic and pelvic lymph nodes or distant metastasis, para-aortic lymphadenectomy can be omitted. Further randomized studies are needed to elucidate the necessity and extent of lymphadenectomy in given gynecological cancers.Limfadenektomia jest integralną częścią zabiegów chirurgicznych wykonywanych u pacjentek chorych na nowotwory ginekologiczne, brak jest jednak standaryzacji w używanej terminologii oraz jednoznacznego określenia zakresu procedury w konkretnych sytuacjach klinicznych. Limfadenektomia miedniczna systemowa to usunięcie całej tkanki limfatycznej z regionów o największym prawdopodobieństwie występowania przerzutów, natomiast okołoaortalna to usunięcie węzłów chłonnych z okolicy aorty. W każdym z nowotworów ginekologicznych w zależności od zaawansowania procesu nowotworowego obowiązuje odmienny sposób postępowania. Jednoznacznie możemy stwierdzić, że limfadenektomia systemowa wydłuża czas przeżycia u pacjentek w zaawansowanym stadium raka jajnika oraz że można jej nie wykonywać jedynie u pacjentek w stopniu G1 raka śluzowego. W przypadku raka sromu niewskazane jest usuwanie węzłów chłonnych miednicy mniejszej, biodrowych i zasłonowych. We wczesnym stadium, gdy zmiana zlokalizowana jest bocznie (dotyczy jednej z warg sromowych), można wykonywać powierzchowną, jednostronną limfadenektomię węzłów pachwinowych; w przypadku gdy zmiana pierwotna zlokalizowana jest centralnie należy wykonać limfadenektomię pachwinową po obu stronach. Głęboka limfadenektomia pachwinowa powinna być wykonana w przypadku, zarówno gdy zmiana pierwotna zlokalizowana jest centralnie w przypadku raka we wczesnym stadium, jak również w zaawansowanym stadium oraz u pacjentów z przerzutami w węzłach powierzchownych. Limfadenektomia w raku endometrium przynosi korzyści w stopniu I jedynie w stadium G3, oraz w stopniu II i III. W stopniu I G1 i I G2 nie wykazano, aby zwiększała czas przeżycia. Przy rozpoznaniu raka surowiczego endometrium zawsze powinno się wykonywać limfadenktomię. W raku szyjki macicy w stopniu IB-IIA usunięcie węzłów okołoaortalnych jest wskazane u pacjentek z dużym guzem i podejrzewaną lub znaną chorobą w węzłach miednicy

The HK2 Dependent "Warburg Effect" and Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation in Cancer:Targets for Effective Therapy with 3-Bromopyruvate

This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about the metabolism of cancer cells, especially with respect to the “Warburg” and “Crabtree” effects. This work also summarizes two key discoveries, one of which relates to hexokinase-2 (HK2), a major player in both the “Warburg effect” and cancer cell immortalization. The second discovery relates to the finding that cancer cells, unlike normal cells, derive as much as 60% of their ATP from glycolysis via the “Warburg effect”, and the remaining 40% is derived from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Also described are selected anticancer agents which generally act as strong energy blockers inside cancer cells. Among them, much attention has focused on 3-bromopyruvate (3BP). This small alkylating compound targets both the “Warburg effect”, i.e., elevated glycolysis even in the presence oxygen, as well as mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in cancer cells. Normal cells remain unharmed. 3BP rapidly kills cancer cells growing in tissue culture, eradicates tumors in animals, and prevents metastasis. In addition, properly formulated 3BP shows promise also as an effective anti-liver cancer agent in humans and is effective also toward cancers known as “multiple myeloma”. Finally, 3BP has been shown to significantly extend the life of a human patient for which no other options were available. Thus, it can be stated that 3BP is a very promising new anti-cancer agent in the process of undergoing clinical development

A family of polynuclear cobalt complexes upon employment of an indeno-quinoxaline based oxime ligand

The reaction of Co(OAc)2·4H2O with LH (LH = 11H-indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-one oxime) in MeOH in the presence of NEt3 forms the complex [CoIII2CoIIO(OAc)3L3]·0.5MeOH·0.2H2O (1·0.5MeOH·0.2H2O), while repeating the reaction under solvothermal conditions yielded the heptanuclear cluster [CoII7L9 (OH)2(OAc)2.7(MeO)0.3(H2O)]·4.6MeOH·3.3H2O (2·4.6MeOH·3.3H2O). Changing the starting metal salt to Co(ClO4)2·6H2O and upon the reaction with LH in the presence of NEt3 under high temperature and pressure, we managed to isolate the decanuclear cluster [CoII10L14(OH)3.6(MeO)0.4](ClO4)2·8.5MeOH·5.75H2O (3·8.5MeOH·5.75H2O), while under normal bench conditions and upon employment of pivalates in the reaction mixture complex [CoII4L4(piv)4(MeOH)2]·MeOH·H2O (4·MeOH·H2O) was formed. Furthermore, the reaction of Co(ClO4)2·6H2O with LH and aibH (2-amino-isobutyric acid) in the presence of NEt3 in MeOH gave the mononuclear complex [CoIIIL(aib)2]·3H2O (5·3H2O), while upon increasing the metal–ligand ratio cluster [CoIII2CoIIL4(aib)2(OH)2]·7.9MeOH (6·7.9MeOH) was isolated. Finally, repeating the reaction that yielded the mononuclear complex 5·3H2O under solvothermal conditions, gave the octanuclear cluster [CoII8L10(aib)2(MeO)2](ClO4)2·6.8MeOH·7H2O (7·6.8MeOH·7H2O). Variable temperature dc magnetic susceptibility studies for complexes 2, 3, 4 and 7, reveal that all clusters display dominant antiferromagnetic interactions leading to small or diamagnetic ground-states,

Zinc(II) Complexes with Amino Acids for Potential Use in Dermatology: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Antibacterial Activity

The multifunctional profile of Zn2+ has influenced its great popularity in various pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic products. Despite the use of different inorganic and organic zinc derivatives, the search for new zinc-containing compounds with a safer skin profile still remains an open issue. The present paper describes the synthesis, structural characterization, and antibacterial activity of zinc(II) complexes with proteinogenic amino acids as potential candidates for dermatological treatments. The obtained complexes are of the general formula [Zn(AA)2], where AA represents an amino acid (L-Glu, Gly, L-His, L-Pro, L-Met, and L-Trp). Their synthesis was designed in such a way that the final bis(aminoacidate) zinc(II) complexes did not contain any counter-ions such as Cl−, NO3 −, or SO4 2− that can cause some skin irritations. The chemical structure and composition of the compounds were identified by 1H NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, and four were also characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The Hirshfeld surface analysis for the Zn2+ metallic center helped to determine its coordination number and geometry for each complex. Finally, the antibacterial properties of the complexes were determined with respect to three Gram-positive strains, viz. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, and Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615, and two Gram-negative bacteria, viz. Escherichia coli ATCC 25992 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and were compared with the activity of zinc 2-pirrolidone 5-carboxylate (ZnPCA), commonly applied in dermatology. It was found that the Zn(II) complexes with methionine and glycine exhibited a higher antibacterial activity than the tested standard, and the antimicrobial properties of complex with Trp were satisfactory. The results of the antimicrobial activity examination allow us to postulate that the obtained zinc complexes might become new active substances for use in dermatological products