Funding Era Free Speech Theory: Applying Traditional Speech Protection to the Regulation of Anonymous Cyberspace

Abstract Background Blunt trauma is the most frequent mechanism of injury in multiple trauma, commonly resulting from road traffic collisions or falls. Two of the most frequent injuries in patients with multiple trauma are chest trauma and extremity fracture. Several trauma mouse models combine chest trauma and head injury, but no trauma mouse model to date includes the combination of long bone fractures and chest trauma. Outcome is essentially determined by the combination of these injuries. In this study, we attempted to establish a reproducible novel multiple trauma model in mice that combines blunt trauma, major injuries and simple practicability. Methods Ninety-six male C57BL/6 N mice (n = 8/group) were subjected to trauma for isolated femur fracture and a combination of femur fracture and chest injury. Serum samples of mice were obtained by heart puncture at defined time points of 0 h (hour), 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 3 d (days), and 7 d. Results A tendency toward reduced weight and temperature was observed at 24 h after chest trauma and femur fracture. Blood analyses revealed a decrease in hemoglobin during the first 24 h after trauma. Some animals were killed by heart puncture immediately after chest contusion; these animals showed the most severe lung contusion and hemorrhage. The extent of structural lung injury varied in different mice but was evident in all animals. Representative H&E-stained (Haematoxylin and Eosin-stained) paraffin lung sections of mice with multiple trauma revealed hemorrhage and an inflammatory immune response. Plasma samples of mice with chest trauma and femur fracture showed an up-regulation of IL-1β (Interleukin-1β), IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70 and TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor- α) compared with the control group. Mice with femur fracture and chest trauma showed a significant up-regulation of IL-6 compared to group with isolated femur fracture. Conclusions The multiple trauma mouse model comprising chest trauma and femur fracture enables many analogies to clinical cases of multiple trauma in humans and demonstrates associated characteristic clinical and pathophysiological changes. This model is easy to perform, is economical and can be used for further research examining specific immunological questions

Production and characterisation of twodimensional molybdenum disulphide by exfoliation for innovative applications

A preparação química do MoS2 2D a partir do mineral foi investigada neste trabalho com o objetivo de disponibilizar um nanomaterial para dispositivos de energia e sensoriamento. Um método para esfoliação do MoS2 foi desenvolvido testando-se o efeito da variação de parâmetros da sonicação em um solvente misto de IPA e água. Uma proporção de 3:7 IPA e água e uma intensidade de sonicação específica de 30% de 130 W e 20 KHz foi a parametrização que forneceu os resultados mais favoráveis quando obtidas uma ou muito poucas camadas de MoS2 com um tamanho lateral razoável de 400 a 500 nm. Estas nanofolhas foram caracterizadas utilizando-se espalhamento dinâmico de luz em suspensão e o material depositado foi caracterizado por microscopia de força atômica, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia Raman. Através da modificação da esfoliação do MoS2 pela intercalação de íons de Li+ em nanofolhas de MoS2, um novo eletrodo para supercapacitor foi estudado. Um composto de óxido de grafeno reduzido (rGO) e MoS2 foi preparado, este composto envolveu a síntese de um aerogel por uma auto-organização redutiva de GO; MoS2 foi depositado sobre este aerogel e suas propriedades eletroquímicas foram sondadas. Um aerogel de rGO puro e um de rGO/ MoS2 foram ambos estudados para comparar seu desempenho como eletrodos para um supercapacitor. Os dispositivos supercapacitores de aerogel utilizando eletrólito de Li2SO4 foram caracterizados utilizando voltametria cíclica, carga-descarga galvanostática e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica. O supercapacitor baseado em eletrodos compósitos de aerogel rGO/ MoS2 forneceu uma capacitância de 140.4 F g-1, que foi um aumento de 62% em relação ao eletrodo de aerogel de rGO puro e uma retenção de capacitância de 85% após de 5000 ciclos. Um sensor de umidade foi desenvolvido utilizando MoS2 esfoliado e microfibra de celulose. Este sensor foi muito sensível ao vapor de água no ar e respondeu rapidamente à presença de umidade, tornando-se muito mais condutor, com a resistência do dispositivo caindo em torno de 25%. O sensor retornava à sua resistividade de repouso de cerca de 100 MΩ quando exposto ao N2.The chemical preparation of the 2D MoS2 from the mineral was pursued in this work with the aim of make available a nanomaterial for energy and sensing devices. A method for exfoliation of MoS2 was developed by testing the effect of differing parameters of sonication in a mixed solvent of IPA and water. A ratio of 3:7 IPA and water and a specific sonication intensity of 30% of 130 W and 20 KHz was found to give the most favourable results where mono and very few layer MoS2 with a reasonable lateral size of 400 to 500 nm were obtained. These nanosheets were characterised using dynamic light scattering in suspension and the deposited material was characterised by atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Through the modification of the exfoliation of MoS2 by intercalation of Li+ ions to the MoS2 nanosheets, a novel electrode for supercapacitor was studied. A composite of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and MoS2 was prepared, this composite involved synthesising an aerogel by a self-assembly reduction of GO, MoS2 was deposited onto this aerogel and its electrochemical properties were probed. An aerogel of pure rGO and an rGO/MoS2 were both studied to compare their performance as electrodes for a supercapacitor. The aerogel supercapacitor devices using Li2SO4 electrolyte were characterised using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The supercapacitor based on rGO/MoS2 aerogel composite electrodes gave a capacitance of 140.4 F g-1 which was an increase of 62% over the pure rGO aerogel electrode and a capacitance retention of 85% after 5000 cycles. A humidity sensor was developed by using exfoliated MoS2 and microfiber cellulose. This sensor was very sensitive to water vapour in the air and would respond very quickly to the presence of humidity by becoming much more conductive with the resistance of the device dropping by around 25%. The sensor would return to its resting resistivity of around 100 MΩ when exposed to N2.CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio

Ontogenetic conflicts and rank reversals in two Mediterranean oak species: Implications for coexistence

In heterogeneous environments, species segregate spatially in response to selective abiotic and biotic filters occurring throughout plant ontogeny. Ontogenetic conflicts in recruitment may lead to spatially discordant patterns of regeneration among microhabitats with different plant cover. In addition, species differing in seed size may be subjected to opposing ecological and evolutionary pressures throughout the life cycle of the plant. We used a multi-stage demographic approach aimed at characterizing the main stage-specific probabilities of recruitment (seed survival, seed germination, seedling emergence and survival during the first 3years of life) in two Mediterranean oak species coexisting at southern Spain. We calibrated linear and nonlinear likelihood models for each of these consecutive life history stages and calculated overall probabilities of recruitment along a wide range of plant cover and seed size variation. Seed predation and seedling mortality over the dry season were the most limiting processes for the two studied oak species. However, species ranking diverged substantially through the life history stages considered in this study due to different ontogenetic trends among species. At the intraspecific level, recruitment-driving processes during the seed and the seedling stages showed opposing tendencies along the explored range of plant cover and seed size. Thus, small-sized acorns and open areas were favoured for the seed stage, whereas large acorns and dense microhabitats did for the seedling stage. The existence of opposing selective pressures on seed mass and their differential influence on the two studied oak species determined the occurrence of species-specific optimal seed sizes (small acorns for Quercus canariensis vs. acorns of large or intermediate size for Quercus suber). The spatial patterns predicted by our overall-recruitment models provided some evidence of regeneration niche partitioning in the two coexisting oak species, supporting their current distribution patterns as saplings and adults at the study area. Synthesis. We conclude that within- and among-species differences through plant ontogeny, arising from species differential response to microhabitat heterogeneity and seed size variation, could be of great importance for oak species niche segregation, driving stand dynamics and spatial pattern distribution along the landscape. The information provided by this study could be also applied to optimize management and restoration programmes since it has enabled us to identify the most favourable conditions and traits for recruitment in oak species that exhibit serious constraints for natural regeneration.This study was supported by a JAE-doc—contract to IMPR, by the Spanish MEC projects Heteromed (REN2002-4041-C02-02), Dinamed (CGL2005-5830-C03-01) and Interbos (CGL2008-04503-C03-01), the Andalusian PE2010-RNM-5782 project, and by European FEDER funds. This research is part of the Globimed (http:// www.globimed.net) network in forest ecology.Peer Reviewe

УЯЗВИМОСТИ ADS-B

В данном исследовании рассмотрим более детально, как работают системы управления воздушными потоками старого и нового по-коления, а также представим найденные во время его исследования уязвимости и наиболее серьезные риски, связанные с ними. Авиатехнологии находятся на границе нового технического прорыва, и так, как это уже случилось со смартфонами и сетями мобильной связи примерно 5-10 лет назад, новые технологии приводят к новым проблемам. На этот раз – куда более опасным

Local pamidronate influences fracture healing in a rodent femur fracture model: an experimental study

BACKGROUND: Bisphosphonates are a main component in the therapy of osteoporosis and other bone resorptive diseases. Previous studies have shown a positive effect of systemically applied bisphosphonates on fracture healing. Nevertheless high doses are related to side effects like osteonecrosis of the jaw, nephrotoxis and gastrointestinal symptoms. In this study we investigated the effect of locally applied pamidronate on fracture healing. METHODS: In a rodent model a simple femur fracture was set in female Wistar rats. We performed intramedullary fixation of the fracture and placed a collagen matrix around the fracture area. One group was treated with pamidronate, the other group with placebo via the matrix. To investigate the volume and quality of the callus we used micro-CT (μCT) and histology after 14 and 28 days. RESULTS: Our results show a positive influence of local applied pamidronate on callus volume. After 14 days an insignificant increase of callus volume in the treated animals was seen. 28 days after trauma the increase of callus volume in the treatment group was significantly higher in comparison to the control group. Osteonecrosis was not seen. CONCLUSIONS: Locally applied bisphosphonates increase the callus volume in fracture healing

Wettability Inversion of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloy Surfaces

The paper presents the experimental results on the use of low-temperature heating to reduce time of wetting inversion (from superhydrophilicity to hydrophobicity) of aluminum-magnesium alloy surfaces textured by laser radiation. Stable growth of the contact angle to 137.3-144.2° after heating surfaces (wettability properties deteriorate) was recorded. Wetting inversion from superhydrophilicity to hydrophobicity occurs in 2-3 hours of low-temperature heating of textured samples. The wettability inversion time depends on the type of texture. A significant increase in carbon content of elemental composition of the near-surface layer of samples after their low-temperature heating was registered

Comparison of a ceiling-mounted 3D flat panel detector vs. conventional intraoperative 2D fluoroscopy in plate osteosynthesis of distal radius fractures with volar locking plate systems

Methods Using a common volar approach on 12 cadaver forearms, total intraarticular distal radius fractures were induced, manually reduced and internally fixated with a 2.4 distal radius locking compression plate. 2D (anterior-posterior and lateral) and 3D (rotational) fluoroscopic images were taken as well as computed tomographies. Fluoroscopic images, Cone Beam CT (CBCT), 360° rotating sequences (so called "Movies") and CT scans were co-evaluated by a specialist orthopedic surgeon and a specialist radiologist regarding quality of fracture reduction, position of plate, position of the three distal locking screws and position of the three diaphyseal screws. In reference to gold standard CT, sensitivity and specifity were analyzed. Results "Movie" showed highest sensitivity for detection of insufficient fracture reduction (88%). Sensitivity for detection of incorrect position of plate was 100% for CBCT and 90% for "Movie." For intraarticular position of screws, 2D fluoroscopy and CBCT showed highest sensitivity and specifity (100 and 91%, respectively). Regarding detection of only marginal intraarticular position of screws, sensitivity and specifity of 2D fluoroscopy reached 100% (CBCT: 100 and 83%). "Movie" showed highest sensitivity for detection of overlapping position of screws (100%). When it comes to specifity, CBCT achieved 100%. Regarding detection of only marginal overlapping position of screws, 2D fluoroscopy and "Movie" showed highest sensitivity (100%). CBCT achieved highest specifity (100%). Conclusion As for assessment of quality of fracture reduction and detection of incorrect position of plate as well as overlapping position of the three diaphyseal screws CBCT and "Movie" are comparable to CT - especially when combined. Particularly sensitivity is high compared to standard 2D fluoroscopy

Properties of nickel-phosphorous coatings codeposited by the electroless and electrochemical plating process

At present, despite numerous studies and practical application, the process of chemical nickel plating remains imperfect. The low nickel deposition rate, the high consumption of the solution components, and the complexity of the deposition process do not contribute to the widespread use of chemical nickel plating. At the same time, chemically deposited coatings are significantly different from the electrochemical: they possess valuable properties. In the paper, the intensification method of chemical nickel plating considered through the use of the co-deposition process with chemical and electrochemical methods. The co-deposition was carried out in an acidic electrolyte solution on an aluminum plate with the stationary potential shift from - 0.01 to - 0.25 V with the use of three electrode system. The presented technique of intensification due to the combination of nickel deposition processes by chemical and electrochemical methods is able to increase the deposition rate of the coatings, and also allows influencing their composition and mechanical properties

Severe soft tissue injuries in multiple trauma patients-a challenge we can meet? A matched-pair analysis from the TraumaRegisterDGU®

Introduction Despite tremendous clinical efforts over the past few decades, the treatment of severely injured patients remains still challenging. Concomitant soft tissue injuries represent a particular challenge, as they can lead to complications at any time of trauma care, hold a high risk of infection and often require multiple surgical interventions and interdisciplinary collaboration. Methods This retrospective, multicentric study used the TraumaRegister DGU® to examine the effect of open fractures and severe soft tissue injuries on outcome of multiple trauma patients. Primary admitted multiple trauma patients at the age of 16 to 70 years, treated from 2010 to 2021, were included. A Matched pair analysis was performed for better comparability of trauma patients with and without open fractures and/or severe soft tissue injuries. Results After applying the matching criteria, 5,795 pairs were created and analyzed. The group with sustained soft tissue injuries/open fractures was found to have a higher ISS ([mean ± SD] 22.1 ± 10.4 vs. 20.6 ± 10.2, p < 0.001). Endotracheal tube insertion (27.7% vs. 30.4%, p = 0.003), catecholamine administration (6.0% vs. 8.4%, p < 0.001) and cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (1.6% vs. 2.1%, p = 0.027) were more frequent in the group with sustained soft tissue injury. Both groups were equally frequent admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and length of stay (LOS) at the ICU (median (quartiles) 3 (1-9) versus 3 (1-9)) did not differ significantly. However, total LOS at the hospital was longer for the group with sustained soft tissue injury (median (quartiles) 18 (11-29) versus 17 (10-27)). Sepsis occurred more often in patients with soft tissue injury (4.3% vs. 5.2%, p = 0.034). There was no significant difference in prevalence of multi organ failure, 24 h-mortality (2.1% vs. 2.5%, p = 0.151) and overall-mortality (3.6% vs. 3.9%, p = 0.329) between both groups. Conclusion Due to database analysis and revision of guidelines, the treatment of severely injured patients has steadily improved in recent years. Patients with severe soft tissue injuries/open fractures required more medical interventions and length of stay at the hospital was longer. In this study, we were able to show that although concomitant severe soft tissue injuries required more ICU interventions and led to a longer length of stay, 24-h and all-cause mortality were not significantly increased