The Economic Value of Data and the General Data Protection Regulation

The aim of this thesis is to find out how the economic value of data affects the need for regulation of personal data and how the businesses need to address this in their operations. This is done through EU data protection law, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The GDPR is as the name states about data protection and regulates how personal data should be handled. Data protection aims to protect individuals’ personal data and how it can be used. Whereas economic value of data means that personal data is of economic value, and it is seen as something that has value to businesses and their operation. The GDPR came into force in May 2018. Therefore, it is a fairly new legislation. The GDPR ap-plies to a large number of individuals since it is applied to not only the citizens of the European Union but also to those companies that have customers that are citizens of EU. This adds to the diversity as well as the global aspect of the subject. The main research question is whether or not the economic value of data is the aspect that makes the main difference between privacy and data protection. The economic value of data is inspected through the businesses side of view. Research is also done through comparing the concepts of privacy and personal data protection. The thesis is done as a literature review meaning that it should be seen as a collection of relevant sources of the topic and the combination of them in a way that the sources are viewed in a critical manner. Since the GDPR is a fairly new legislation, there is a variety of sources available. The sources used in the thesis are in addition to the written ones, different kinds of articles, websites, and legal sources. The most important legal source is the General Data Protection Regulation, and it is considered as the guideline throughout the thesis. It was found through the study that the hypothesis and research question of the economic value of data does create the main difference and is the reason why such personal data protection regulation needs to be. The GDPR causes additional work for companies and the need to take into consideration data protection aspects in their everyday work. However, the GDPR also has brought benefits to companies by giving them the guidelines that they can obey in order to process personal data lawfully.Tutkielman tarkoituksena on selvittää, miten datan taloudellinen arvo vaikuttaa tietosuojalainsäädännön tarpeeseen ja miten yritysten tulee ottaa tämä huomioon toiminnassaan. Tämä tehdään Yleisen tietosuoja-asetuksen kautta. Tietosuoja pyrkii suojelemaan yksilöiden henkilötietoja ja sitä, miten näitä henkilötietoja voidaan kautta. Datan taloudellinen arvo puolestaan tarkoittaa sitä henkilötiedoilla voidaan nähdä olevan taloudellista arvoa ja niiden voidaan nähdä olevan hyödyllisiä yrityksille ja heidän toiminnalleen. Tutkimuskysymyksenä tutkielmassa on se, onko taloudellinen arvo suurin ero yksityisyyden käsitteiden ja tietosuojan välillä. Datan taloudellista arvoa tarkastellaan yritysten näkökulmasta. Tutkielmassa käytetään myös vertailua yksityisyyden käsitteiden ja tietosuojan välillä. Yleinen tietosuoja-asetus (GDPR) tuli sovellettavaksi toukokuussa 2018. Näin ollen se on suhteellisen tuore asetus. Aiheen monipuolisuuden puolesta puhuu se, että GDPR koskettaa laajaa ryhmää yksilöitä, sillä sitä sovelletaan kaikkiin Euroopan Unionin kansalaisiin, sekä myös kaikkiin niihin yrityksiin, jotka tekevät yritystoimintaa Euroopan Unionin sisällä ja sen kansalaisten kanssa. Tutkielma toteutetaan kirjallisuuskatsauksena, tarkoittaen että se tulisi nähdä kokoelmana aiheeseen liittyviä relevantteja lähteitä ja niiden yhdistelmää siten, että lähteitä tarkastellaan kriittisesti suhteessa toisiinsa. Koska kyseessä on suhteellisen tuore asetus, löytyy siitä moni-puolisesti lähteitä. Lähteinä tutkielmassa on käytetty kirjallisten lähteiden lisäksi myös erilaisia artikkeleita, nettisivuja sekä virallislähteitä. Virallislähteistä tärkein on ymmärrettävästi Yleinen tietosuoja-asetus, joka toimii punaisena lankana läpi tutkielman. Tutkielman lopputuloksena voidaan todeta se, että tutkimuskysymys ja siinä esitetty hypoteesi datan taloudellisesta arvosta luo suurimman eroavaisuuden yksityisyyden käsitteen ja tietosuojan välillä. Voidaan todeta sen olevan myös se syy, miksi kyseiselle tietosuojalainsäädännölle on tarve. GDPR aiheuttaa ylimääräistä työtä yrityksille sen kautta, että yritysten tulee huomioida tietosuojaan liittyvät aspektit jokapäiväisessä elämässään. Siitä on kuitenkin myös hyötyä yrityksille, sillä se luo ne raamit, joiden mukaan yritysten tulee toimia käsitellessään henkilötietoja

Att leva med amyotrofisk lateralskleros. En litteraturstudie.

Bakgrund: Amyotrofisk lateralskleros är en progressiv, degenerativ neuromuskulär sjukdom utan etablerad kurativ behandling. Vårdinsatser inriktas på symtomlindring och stöd, med målet att uppnå livskvalitet. Syfte: Att beskriva personer med amyotrofisk lateralskleros erfarenheter med fokus på livskvalitet. Metod: Litteraturstudie med integrerad analys av tio framsökta studier. Resultat: Två huvudteman framkom: Omställningar vid amyotrofisk lateralskleros samt stöd och relationer. Fem underteman framkom: Att kunna leva i nuet, Att kunna leva med begränsningar, Vård och omsorg, Symtomlindring och hjälpmedel samt Närstående. Resultatet har diskuterats utifrån Travelbees syn på omvårdnad. Slutsats: Fysiska faktorer påverkar livskvaliteten i mindre utsträckning än vad psykosociala och psykiska faktorer gör. Personer med ALS kan behöva stöd för att uppnå livskvalitet, vara aktiva, delaktiga och kunna hantera de omställningar de ställs inför

A Similarity-Based Process for Human Judgment in the Parietal Cortex

One important distinction in psychology is between inferences based on associative memory and inferences based on analysis and rules. Much previous empirical work conceive of associative and analytical processes as two exclusive ways of addressing a judgment task, where only one process is selected and engaged at a time, in an either-or fashion. However, related work indicate that the processes are better understood as being in interplay and simultaneously engaged. Based on computational modeling and brain imaging of spontaneously adopted judgment strategies together with analyses of brain activity elicited in tasks where participants were explicitly instructed to perform similarity-based associative judgments or rule-based judgments (n = 74), we identified brain regions related to the two types of processes. We observed considerable overlap in activity patterns. The precuneus was activated for both types of judgments, and its activity predicted how well a similarity-based model fit the judgments. Activity in the superior frontal gyrus predicted the fit of a rule-based judgment model. The results suggest the precuneus as a key node for similarity-based judgments, engaged both when overt responses are guided by similarity-based and rule-based processes. These results are interpreted such that similarity-based processes are engaged in parallel to rule-based-processes, a finding with direct implications for cognitive theories of judgment

SLANG IN TRANSLATION A Case Study of the Swedish Subtitles in the Film Clueless.

This study investigates how English slang is translated in the Swedish subtitles in the film Clueless (1995) looking at how the meaning and message can be transferred. Subtitles are interesting to look at since they follow strict conventions, limiting the translator from being verbose or adding extra information. For this reason, the material was chosen because of the difficulty of translating slang across linguistic and cultural borders and it is thus of interest to see how the Swedish subtitles render the use of slang in a film where the narrative and characterisation rests on it. The study is a qualitative case study using Gottlieb’s (1992) translation strategies for classification of the subtitles. Furthermore, the subtitles were analysed to identify to what capacity the different strategies were able to transfer slang. The findings showed similarity with previous studies, conducted between different language pairs, suggesting that strategies allowing neutralisation of slang are the most recurrent. However, the total use of slang was relatively high, and the subtitles showed instances of the translator making the unconventional choice of directly translating English slang into Swedish

"Idag är ny tid" : En komparativ fallstudie över svenskt och finskt icke-medlemskap i Nato

Våren 2014 uppvisade Ryssland ett öppet aggressivt beteende när de, med militära medel, annekterade Krim och satte den säkerhetspolitiska balansen i Europa och världen i gungning. Sverige och Finland fann sig helt plötsligt geografiskt nära ett potentiellt hot, och samtidigt utanför Nato. Denna studie undersöker orsaker i nationella och internationella variabler för varför staterna inte har ansökt om medlemskap i Nato efter den ryska annekteringen. Genom att använda en teori mer precis än realismen – neoklassisk realism – analyseras tre variabler för formandet av foreign policy; militär förmåga, hotuppfattning och nationell struktur. Enligt method of agreement undersöks vilken variabel som är lika mellan staterna. Resultatet kan förklara deras säkerhetspolitiska val att inte ansöka om medlemskap i Nato även efter den ryska annekteringen av Krim. Den variabel som studien visar är lika mellan dem är hotuppfattning hos statens ledare. Detta aktualiserar vidare forskning i vilken av de neoklassiska variablerna som driver stater till förändring i foreign policy.

Planning cities for children : The evolution of a child perspective within physical planning

Due to growing populations and urbanization, a common trend in contemporary Swedish planning is that of densification. Open spaces within cities are being exploited to fit more housing and to prevent urban sprawl. This means that green areas which have traditionally been used by children for play and recreation transition into urban areas.  This study aims to examine how a child perspective has developed within physical planning and how it has transformed over time. Henri Lefebvre's theory about the production of space has been used to gain a greater understanding about the different ways in which adults and children interpret and use public space. Lefebvre's theory has then been used to characterize the literature which this study builds upon. The study also presents two examples of planning in Sweden and examines to what extent children's needs have been met and what level of participation children have had in the planning process. The results show that Lefebvre's third dimension – lived space – is how children view and understand their environment. This is also the dimension that has been given less space in physical planning over time. The implementation of a child perspective within Swedish planning processes has been shown to vary from one municipality to another. These differences stem from a lack of national guidelines regarding how and when children should be included in the planning of the physical environment.

Livsstilsförändringar vid behandling av hypertoni : En litteraturöversikt med fokus på livsstilsinterventioner

Bakgrund: Hypertoni är en medicinsk sjukdom som ökar risken att drabbas av andra allvarliga följdsjukdomar och behandlas i Sverige med farmakologiska läkemedel och råd om livsstilsförändringar. Syfte: att belysa olika livsstilsinterventioner som kan stödja människor med hypertoni att kontrollera sitt blodtryck. Metod: Designen som använts är en litteraturöversikt där vi sammanställt 14 kvantitativa publicerade forskningsrapporter med fokus på livsstilsförändringar. Som analysmetod användes ett induktivt förhållningssätt där huvudkategorierna "Specifika aktiveter" och "Multikomponentsinterventioner" föddes fram. Resultat: Livsstilsförändringar i form av ökad fysisk aktivitet, avslappning, diet och viktminskning kan ha blodtryckssänkande effekt hos personer med hypertoni. Diskussion: Forskning om hur ökad fysisk aktivitet påverkar blodtrycket är delad. Men forskningen enas om att det finns en positiv korrelation mellan viktnedgång och sänkt blodtryck. För att utföra och bibehålla en livsstilsförändring kan frekventa gruppsessioner och motiverande samtal vara ett bra alternativ. Slutsats: Det finns många olika icke farmakologiska behandlingsalternativ som hjälper patienter med hypertoni att reducera blodtrycket. Livsstilsförändring är en ständigt pågående process varav vården bör lägga fokus på en långsiktig uppföljning där patienten är i centrum

Attitudes toward location-based advertising on Social Media platforms

Title: Attitudes toward location-based advertising on Social Media platforms Authors: Josefie Nyberg and Linnea Czarnecki Supervisor: Thomas Helgesson Level: Bachelor thesis, 15 hp (credits) Keywords: location-based advertising, Social Media, LBA, advertising acceptance Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine potential differences in attitudes toward location-based advertising (LBA) between different Social Media platforms. The study also aims to examine if additional factors could be affecting the LBA acceptance on Social Media. Research question(s): • “Are there any differences in the attitudes toward location-based advertising between different Social Media platforms among millennials?” • “What kind of possible differences in attitudes toward location-based advertising between the Social Media platforms can be observed?” • “Are there any additional factors affecting the attitudes toward location-based advertising on Social Media platforms among millennials?” Theoretical Framework: Theories about Social Media usage and attitudes toward advertising in general are presented. The section continues with more specific theories about attitudes toward advertising on Social Media and location-based advertising. Methodology: Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used. The qualitative consisted of a focus group, where four participants discussed the purposes for using Social Media. A web-based survey was conducted as the quantitative method, collecting data about millennials perception of location-based advertising on Social Media. In addition, secondary sources were collected to support the primary data. Conclusion: The result reveal that there are differences in the attitudes toward LBA between the four Social Media platforms. The total LBA acceptance was concluded in the following ranking; LinkedIn, Facebook, Snapchat and Instagram. Further, two additional factors influencing the LBA acceptance on Social Media are presented: the purpose for using the Social Media platform and the surrounding network of each individual using the platform