The Coevolutionary Relationship of Technology, Market and Government Regulation in Telecommunications

The technical change in telecommunications industry is tremendous, and it is exactly the continuous technological progress in telecommunications that brings sustained prosperity and development of the telecommunications industry. Inthis paper, the interplay between technology, market and government in telecommunicationsis discussed brieflyin the first place, and thenwe introduce technologyand government into the traditional SCP paradigm as essential factorswhich have economic meaningstoconstruct a new industry analysis framework called TGM (SCP). Basedon this framework, we propose thespiral coevolutionmodel of telecommunications industrywhich elaborates on the interaction mechanism between technological innovation, government regulation and market evolution in telecommunications. Our study indicatesthatthe evolution of the telecommunications industry is the result of technological innovation, government regulation and market competition, and among the three, technological innovation is the fundamental driving force. Compared to the “invisible hand”—market and “visible hand” —government, we believe that technology is the “third hand” in telecommunications industry. The policy implications regarding thesefindingsaregiven at the end of this paper

FAST–ASKAP Synergy: Quantifying Coexistent Tidal and Ram Pressure Strippings in the NGC 4636 Group

Combining new HI data from a synergetic survey of ASKAP WALLABY and FAST with the ALFALFA data, we study the effect of ram pressure and tidal interactions in the NGC 4636 group. We develop two parameters to quantify and disentangle these two effects on gas stripping in HI-bearing galaxies: the strength of external forces at the optical-disk edge, and the outside-in extents of HI-disk stripping. We find that gas stripping is widespread in this group, affecting 80% of HI-detected non-merging galaxies, and that 41% are experiencing both types of stripping. Among the galaxies experiencing both effects, the two types of strengths are independent, while two HI-stripping extents moderately anticorrelate with each other. Both strengths are correlated with HI-disk shrinkage. The tidal strength is related to a rather uniform reddening of low-mass galaxies (M

Smith-Purcell radiation from time grating

Smith-Purcell radiation (SPR) occurs when an electron skims above a spatial grating, but the fixed momentum compensation from the static grating imposes limitations on the emission wavelength. It has been discovered that a temporally periodic system can provide energy compensation to generate light emissions in free space. Here, we introduce temporal SPR (t-SPR) emerging from a time grating and propose a generalized t-SPR dispersion equation to predict the relationship between radiation frequency, direction, electron velocity, modulation period, and harmonic orders. Compared to conventional SPR, t-SPR can: 1) Provide a versatile platform for manipulating SPR emission through temporal modulation (e.g., period, amplitude, wave shape). 2) Exhibit strong robustness to the electron-grating separation, alleviating the constraints associated with extreme electron near-field excitation. 3) Introduce additional energy channels through temporal modulation, enhancing and amplifying emission.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure

Characterization of Chronic Gastritis in Lynch Syndrome Patients With Gastric Adenocarcinoma

Background: Gastric cancer is one of the Lynch syndrome (LS)-associated malignancies. Previous studies have suggested that LS patients with gastric cancer also had chronic atrophic gastritis in the background mucosa, but further histologic characterization was not attempted. This study aims to understand the histologic features of background chronic gastritis in LS patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. Methods: Eleven LS-associated gastric cancer cases were collected from five institutions. Demographics and clinical features were retrieved by review of medical charts. Pathological material was reviewed for tumor location and histologic type. In addition, non-neoplastic gastric mucosa was assessed for inflammation (chronic and active), atrophy, intestinal metaplasia (IM) in the antrum and body, as well as pyloric gland metaplasia and enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia in the body. Results: Eleven LS patients with gastric cancer (four male and seven female) with a mean age of 63 years (range: 23 - 83) were included. Ten (90.9%) had personal cancer histories; however none of the patients had family history of gastric cancer. Eight (72.7%) patients underwent gastrectomy and three had endoscopic resection. Nine (81.8%) patients had tumor in the fundus and/or body and two had tumor present in the antrum. Seven (63.6%) cases were intestinal type or mixed type carcinoma, and the remaining four were signet ring cell carcinoma. Eight (of 11, 72.7%) patients had chronic gastritis, five (45.4%) had atrophy, and four (36.3%) had intestinal metaplasia. Four of five patients with both antrum and body mucosa available for evaluation (80%), demonstrated body-predominant chronic gastritis. Four patients had germline MLH1 alterations and all of these patients had chronic gastritis, including one Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) gastritis and three H. pylori-negative gastritis. Conclusions: None of LS patients with gastric cancer in our cohort had a family history of gastric cancer. Gastric adenocarcinomas in LS patients were primarily located in the fundus and/or body. Two-thirds of these tumors were of intestinal type and had a background chronic, H. pylori-negative gastritis. These results support a chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence in LS-related gastric tumorigenesis, particularly in MLH1-mutated LS patients

FAST-ASKAP Synergy: Quantifying Coexistent Tidal and Ram-Pressure Strippings in the NGC 4636 Group

Combining new HI data from a synergetic survey of ASKAP WALLABY and FAST with the ALFALFA data, we study the effect of ram-pressure and tidal interactions in the NGC 4636 group. We develop two parameters to quantify and disentangle these two effects on gas stripping in HI-bearing galaxies: the strength of external forces at the optical-disk edge, and the outside-in extents of HI-disk stripping. We find that gas stripping is widespread in this group, affecting 80% of HI-detected non-merging galaxies, and that 34% are experiencing both types of stripping. Among the galaxies experiencing both effects, the strengths (and extents) of ram-pressure and tidal stripping are independent of each other. Both strengths are correlated with HI-disk shrinkage. The tidal strength is related to a rather uniform reddening of low-mass galaxies ($M_*<10^9\,\text{M}_\odot$) when tidal stripping is the dominating effect. In contrast, ram pressure is not clearly linked to the color-changing patterns of galaxies in the group. Combining these two stripping extents, we estimate the total stripping extent, and put forward an empirical model that can describe the decrease of HI richness as galaxies fall toward the group center. The stripping timescale we derived decreases with distance to the center, from $\mathord{\sim}1\,\text{Gyr}$ around $R_{200}$ to $\mathord{\lesssim}10\,\text{Myr}$ near the center. Gas-depletion happens $\mathord{\sim}3\,\text{Gyr}$ since crossing $2R_{200}$ for HI-rich galaxies, but much quicker for HI-poor ones. Our results quantify in a physically motivated way the details and processes of environmental-effects-driven galaxy evolution, and might assist in analyzing hydrodynamic simulations in an observational way.Comment: 44 pages, 22 figures, 5 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ. Tables 4 and 5 are also available in machine-readable for

Relationship between the Composition of Flavonoids and Flower Colors Variation in Tropical Water Lily (Nymphaea) Cultivars

Water lily, the member of the Nymphaeaceae family, is the symbol of Buddhism and Brahmanism in India. Despite its limited researches on flower color variations and formation mechanism, water lily has background of blue flowers and displays an exceptionally wide diversity of flower colors from purple, red, blue to yellow, in nature. In this study, 34 flavonoids were identified among 35 tropical cultivars by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array detection (DAD) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Among them, four anthocyanins: delphinidin 3-O-rhamnosyl-5-O-galactoside (Dp3Rh5Ga), delphinidin 3-O-(2″-O-galloyl-6″-O-oxalyl-rhamnoside) (Dp3galloyl-oxalylRh), delphinidin 3-O-(6″-O-acetyl-β-glucopyranoside) (Dp3acetylG) and cyanidin 3- O-(2″-O-galloyl-galactopyranoside)-5-O-rhamnoside (Cy3galloylGa5Rh), one chalcone: chalcononaringenin 2′-O-galactoside (Chal2′Ga) and twelve flavonols: myricetin 7-O-rhamnosyl-(1→2)-rhamnoside (My7RhRh), quercetin 7-O-galactosyl-(1→2)-rhamnoside (Qu7GaRh), quercetin 7-O-galactoside (Qu7Ga), kaempferol 7-O-galactosyl-(1→2)-rhamnoside (Km7GaRh), myricetin 3-O-galactoside (My3Ga), kaempferol 7-O-galloylgalactosyl-(1→2)-rhamnoside (Km7galloylGaRh), myricetin 3-O-galloylrhamnoside (My3galloylRh), kaempferol 3-O-galactoside (Km3Ga), isorhamnetin 7-O-galactoside (Is7Ga), isorhamnetin 7-O-xyloside (Is7Xy), kaempferol 3-O-(3″-acetylrhamnoside) (Km3-3″acetylRh) and quercetin 3-O-acetylgalactoside (Qu3acetylGa) were identified in the petals of tropic water lily for the first time. Meanwhile a multivariate analysis was used to explore the relationship between pigments and flower color. By comparing, the cultivars which were detected delphinidin 3-galactoside (Dp3Ga) presented amaranth, and detected delphinidin 3′-galactoside (Dp3′Ga) presented blue. However, the derivatives of delphinidin and cyanidin were more complicated in red group. No anthocyanins were detected within white and yellow group. At the same time a possible flavonoid biosynthesis pathway of tropical water lily was presumed putatively. These studies will help to elucidate the evolution mechanism on the formation of flower colors and provide theoretical basis for outcross breeding and developing health care products from this plant

Validation of American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition of TNM staging in resected distal pancreatic cancer

BACKGROUND In order to improve risk stratification and clinical management of the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) has published its eighth edition staging manual. Some major changes have been introduced in the new staging system for both T and N categories. Given the rarity of resectable disease, distal pancreatic cancer is likely underrepresented in the published clinical studies, and how the impact of the staging system actually reflects on to clinical outcomes remain unclear. AIM To validate the AJCC 8th edition of TNM staging in distal PDAC. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed in seven academic medical centers in the United States. Clinicopathological prognostic factors associated with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated through univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS Overall, 454 patients were enrolled in the study, and were divided into 2 subgroups: Invasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) (115 cases) and non-IPMN associated adenocarcinoma (339 cases). Compared to invasive IPMN, non-IPMN associated adenocarcinomas are more common in relatively younger patients, have larger tumor size, are more likely to have positive lymph nodes, and are associated with a higher tumor (T) stage and nodal (N) stage, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, tumor recurrence, and a worse PFS and OS. The cohort was predominantly categorized as stage 3 per AJCC 7th edition staging manual, and it’s more evenly distributed based on 8th edition staging manual. T and N staging of both 7th and 8th edition sufficiently stratify PFS and OS in the entire cohort, although dividing into N1 and N2 according to the 8th edition does not show additional stratification. For PDAC arising in IPMN, T staging of the 7th edition and N1/N2 staging of the 8th edition appear to further stratify PFS and OS. For PDAC without an IPMN component, T staging from both versions fails to stratify PFS and OS. CONCLUSION The AJCC 8th edition TNM staging system provides even distribution for the T staging, however, it does not provide better risk stratification than previous staging system for distal pancreatic cancer

FAST-ASKAP Synergy: Quantifying Coexistent Tidal and Ram Pressure Strippings in the NGC 4636 Group

Full list of the authors: Lin, Xuchen; Wang, Jing; Kilborn, Virginia; Peng, Eric W.; Cortese, Luca; Boselli, Alessandro; Liang, Ze-Zhong; Lee, Bumhyun; Yang, Dong; Catinella, Barbara; Deg, N.; Dénes, H.; Elagali, Ahmed; Kamphuis, P.; Koribalski, B. S.; Lee-Waddell, K.; Rhee, Jonghwan; Shao, Li; Spekkens, Kristine; Staveley-Smith, Lister; Westmeier, T.; Wong, O. Ivy; Bekki, Kenji; Bosma, Albert; Du, Min; Ho, Luis C.; Madrid, Juan P.; Verdes-Montenegro, Lourdes; Wang, Huiyuan; Wang, ShunCombining new H i data from a synergetic survey of Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) Widefield ASKAP L-band Legacy All-sky Blind surveY and Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope with the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA data, we study the effect of ram pressure and tidal interactions in the NGC 4636 group. We develop two parameters to quantify and disentangle these two effects on gas stripping in H i-bearing galaxies: the strength of external forces at the optical-disk edge, and the outside-in extents of H i-disk stripping. We find that gas stripping is widespread in this group, affecting 80% of H i-detected nonmerging galaxies, and that 41% are experiencing both types of stripping. Among the galaxies experiencing both effects, the two types of strengths are independent, while two H i-stripping extents moderately anticorrelate with each other. Both strengths are correlated with H i-disk shrinkage. The tidal strength is related to a rather uniform reddening of low-mass galaxies (M < 10 M ) when tidal stripping is the dominating effect. In contrast, ram pressure is not clearly linked to the color-changing patterns of galaxies in the group. Combining these two stripping extents, we estimate the total stripping extent, and put forward an empirical model that can describe the decrease of H i richness as galaxies fall toward the group center. The stripping timescale we derived decreases with distance to the center, from ∼1 Gyr beyond R to ≲10 Myr near the center. Gas depletion happens ∼3 Gyr since crossing 2R for H i-rich galaxies, but much quicker for H i-poor ones. Our results quantify in a physically motivated way the details and processes of environmental-effects-driven galaxy evolution, and might assist in analyzing hydrodynamic simulations in an observational way. © 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.We thank the anonymous referee for providing constructive and helpful comments. J.W. acknowledges research grants from Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (No. 2022YFA1602902) and the National Science Foundation of China (No. 12073002). B.L. acknowledges the support from the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT; Project No. 2022-1-840-05). P.K. acknowledges financial support by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Verbundforschung grant 05A20PC4 (Verbundprojekt D-MeerKAT-II). A. Bosma acknowledges support from the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), France. L.C.H. was supported by the National Science Foundation of China (11721303, 11991052, 12011540375, 12233001) and the China Manned Space Project (CMS-CSST2021-A04, CMS-CSST-2021-A06). H.Y.W. is supported by NSFC No. 12192224. L.V.M. acknowledges financial support from grants CEX2021-001131-S funded by MCIN/ AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033, RTI2018-096228-B-C31 and PID2021-123930OB-C21 by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033, by “ERDF A way of making Europe” and by the European Union and from IAA4SKA (R18-RT-3082) funded by the Economic Transformation, Industry, Knowledge and Universities Council of the Regional Government of Andalusia and the European Regional Development Fund from the European Union. Parts of this research were supported by High-performance Computing Platform of Peking University. This work has used the data from the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST). FAST is a Chinese national mega-science facility, operated by the National Astronomical Observatories of Chinese Academy of Sciences (NAOC). The Australian SKA Pathfinder is part of the Australia Telescope National Facility, which is managed by CSIRO. Operation of ASKAP is funded by the Australian Government with support from the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy. ASKAP uses the resources of the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre. Establishment of ASKAP, the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory, and the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre are initiatives of the Australian Government, with support from the Government of Western Australia and the Science and Industry Endowment Fund. We acknowledge the Wajarri Yamatji people as the traditional owners of the observatory site. Funding for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy office of Science, and the participating institutions. SDSS-IV acknowledges support and resources from the Center for High Performance Computing at the University of Utah. The SDSS website is www.sdss.org. SDSS-IV is managed by the Astrophysical Research Consortium for the Participating Institutions of the SDSS Collaboration including the Brazilian Participation Group, the Carnegie Institution for Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Astrophysics—Harvard & Smithsonian, the Chilean Participation Group, the French Participation Group, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, The Johns Hopkins University, Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (IPMU)/University of Tokyo, the Korean Participation Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Leibniz Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA Heidelberg), Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik (MPA Garching), Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), National Astronomical Observatories of China, New Mexico State University, New York University, University of Notre Dame, Observatário Nacional/MCTI, The Ohio State University, Pennsylvania State University, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, United Kingdom Participation Group, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, University of Arizona, University of Colorado Boulder, University of Oxford, University of Portsmouth, University of Utah, University of Virginia, University of Washington, University of Wisconsin, Vanderbilt University, and Yale University. The Legacy Surveys consist of three individual and complementary projects: the Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey (DECaLS; Proposal ID #2014B-0404; PIs: David Schlegel and Arjun Dey), the Beijing–Arizona Sky Survey (BASS; NOAO Prop. ID #2015A-0801; PIs: Zhou Xu and Xiaohui Fan), and the Mayall z-band Legacy Survey (MzLS; Prop. ID #2016A-0453; PI: Arjun Dey). DECaLS, BASS, and MzLS together include data obtained, respectively, at the Blanco telescope, Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, NSF’s NOIRLab; the Bok telescope, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona; and the Mayall telescope, Kitt Peak National Observatory, NOIRLab. Pipeline processing and analyses of the data were supported by NOIRLab and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). The Legacy Surveys project is honored to be permitted to conduct astronomical research on Iolkam Du’ag (Kitt Peak), a mountain with particular significance to the Tohono O’odham Nation. NOIRLab is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. LBNL is managed by the Regents of the University of California under contract to the U.S. Department of Energy. This project used data obtained with the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), which was constructed by the Dark Energy Survey (DES) collaboration. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain, the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the National Center for Supercomputing 21 The Astrophysical Journal, 956:148 (36pp), 2023 October 20 Lin et al. Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at the Ohio State University, the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundacao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundacao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico and the Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia e Inovacao, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and the collaborating institutions in the Dark Energy Survey. The collaborating institutions are Argonne National Laboratory, the University of California at Santa Cruz, the University of Cambridge, Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas-Madrid, the University of Chicago, University College London, the DES-Brazil Consortium, the University of Edinburgh, the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, the Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (IEEC/CSIC), the Institut de Fisica d’Altes Energies, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Ludwig Maximilians Universitat Munchen and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, the University of Michigan, NSF’s NOIRLab, the University of Nottingham, the Ohio State University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, the University of Sussex, and Texas A&M University. BASS is a key project of the Telescope Access Program (TAP), which has been funded by the National Astronomical Observatories of China, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (the Strategic Priority Research Program “The Emergence of Cosmological Structures” grant No. XDB09000000), and the Special Fund for Astronomy from the Ministry of Finance. The BASS is also supported by the External Cooperation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (grant No. 114A11KYSB20160057), and Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (grant Nos. 12120101003 and 11433005). The Legacy Survey team makes use of data products from the Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (NEOWISE), which is a project of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology. NEOWISE is funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Legacy Survey’s imaging of the DESI footprint is supported by the Director, office of Science, office of High Energy Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC02-05CH1123, by the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE office of Science User Facility under the same contract; and by the U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of Astronomical Sciences under contract No. AST-0950945 to NOAO. Facilities: Arecibo, ASKAP, Blanco (DECam), FAST:500m, GALEX, IRSA, NED, Sloan, and WISE. Software: astropy 5.1 (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2022), astroquery 0.4.2 (Ginsburg et al. 2019), numpy 1.21.4 (Harris et al. 2020), photutils 1.2.0 (Bradley et al. 2021), pingouin 0.5.1 (Vallat 2018), emcee 3.1.2 (Foreman-Mackey et al. 2013), Python 3.8.10, scipy 1.8.0 (Virtanen et al. 2020), SExtractor 2.25.0 (Bertin & Arnouts 1996), SWarp 2.41.4 (Bertin et al. 2002)

A mathematical/physics model to measure the role of information and communication technology in some economies: the Chinese case

Since the Reform and Opening-up in 1978, China has experienced a huge sustainable growth of gross domestic product (GDP) and an incredible development in Information and Communication Technology (ICT). This study aims to utilize an input-output (I-O) approach to explore the role of ICT in Chinese national economy. Specifically, we employ a static I-O framework, and analyze three topics in its application: the inter-industry linkage effect, the production inducing effect, and the supply shortage effect. We pay particular attention to the ICT manufacturing sector and ICT service-providing sector by taking the sectors as exogenous and investigating their economic impacts, respectively. The results suggest that (1) the ICT manufacturing sector has a high backward linkage effect, an intermediate forward linkage effect, a relatively low production inducing effect, and a low supply shortage effect, it suggests that ICT manufacturing sector has a powerful capacity for pulling the production activities of the whole economy. (2) The inter-industry linkage effect and supply shortage effect of ICT service-providing is low, but the production inducing effect of ICT service-providing is high, which suggests that the impact of an increase in ICT service-providing investment on the total output of all other sectors is large