Approche éco-anatomique du bois de vigne (Vitis vinifera L.) pour une meilleure connaissance de l'histoire de la viticulture en Méditerranée nord-occidentale

Many questions remain about the emergence and development of viticulture and wine production in the northwestern Mediterranean (concerning the existence of indigenous domestication centers, the role of the Greek and Roman settlers, the possible development of local vines) despite a significant body of genetic, biological, archaeological (winemaking sites, plant remains, plantation pits) and historical data (texts and iconography) allowing us to establish a model of development, expansion and spread of viticulture and wine production in France. Is the emergence multi-local? Is viticulture practiced by the indigenous populations or is it a result from colonial influence? What is the origin (time and location) of viticulture? Are cultivation and domestication synchronous? Were wild plants cultivated prior to domestication? What cultivation methods were used?The analysis of archaeological charcoal, compared with reference material from modern wild vines and cultivars is at the basis of the project “Eco-anatomic approach wood vine (Vitis vinifera L.) aiming at a better understanding of the history of viticulture in the northwestern Mediterranean” and offering the opportunity of finding answers to our questions. Or data assess the eco-anatomical plasticity of the wild and the cultivated vines under certain environmental and cultivation conditions and highlight quantitative anatomical characters discriminating wild vines from cultivated vines. This allows us to identify the status (wild or cultivated) of bio-archaeological samples, thus providing reliable information on the origins of vine cultivation and cultivation habits (ecological parameters farming practices).Beaucoup d’énigmes subsistent quant à l’émergence et au développement de la viticulture et de la viniculture en Méditerranée nord-occidentale. L’existence de foyers de domestication indigènes, le rôle joué par les colons grecs et romains au contact des populations autochtones, ou bien le développement possible de vignes endémiques permettent d’établir un modèle de développement, d’expansion et de diffusion de la viticulture - viniculture en France. Malgré un corpus important de données génétiques, biologiques, archéologiques (sites viticoles, restes bio-archéologiques, traces de plantations) et historiques (textes et iconographie), des doutes persistent.L’émergence est-elle multi-locale ? La viticulture est-elle le fait de populations indigènes ou intervient-elle sous influence coloniale ? Quelle est l’origine (chronologique et géographique) de la viticulture ? Culture et domestication sont-elles synchrones ? A-t-on cultivé le sauvage avant la domestication ? Quels modes et quelles conduites de culture ont-ils prévalus ?Le projet intitulé « Approche éco-anatomique du bois de vigne (Vitis vinifera L.) pour une meilleure connaissance de l’histoire de la viticulture en Méditerranée nord-occidentale » a tenté de répondre à ces questions. L’analyse de charbons de bois archéologiques, comparés à des charbons de bois de vignes actuelles sauvages et domestiquées, a offert l’opportunité de trouver des réponses, en mettant en relation les résultats éco-anatomiques et les données archéologiques, archéobiologiques, et génétiques.Les résultats attendus ont porté sur (1) l’évaluation de la plasticité éco-anatomique de la vigne sauvage et de la vigne cultivée-domestiquée au regard des conditions environnementales et de culture, (2) la mise en évidence de caractères anatomiques quantitatifs discriminant la vigne sauvage de la vigne cultivée, (3) l’application des données éco-anatomiques de l’actuel dans le but d’identifier le statut (sauvage ou cultivé) des échantillons bio-archéologiques. Ces résultats ont permis de mieux cerner la datation des origines de la culture de la vigne et de mieux comprendre les modalités de culture (paramètres écologiques, pratiques culturales)

Environmental and economic assessment of a French free-range chicken production system

Session 34. Sustainable pig and poultry production, including the use of waterInternational audienc

Resisting Aridification: Adaptation of Sap Conduction Performance in Moroccan Wild Olive Subspecies Distributed Over an Aridity Gradient

International audienceIn the current context of global change, the increasing frequency and the length of drought periods are testing the resistance capacities of plants of dry habitats. However, although the adaptation of plants to drought has been widely studied, the anatomical features of wood influencing the functional responses of plants to drought are still lacking at the intraspecific level, especially for species with a wide geographical distribution. As a result, we have studied the variation of wood anatomical traits related to sap conduction (i.e., vessel surface area, vessel density, and number of vessels joined by radial file) in two wild olive subspecies distributed in Morocco (i.e., Olea europaea subsp. europaea. var. sylvestris and Olea europaea subsp. maroccana), in relation to various drought conditions. This functional study, based on wood trait measurements of 351 samples from 130 trees and 13 populations, explores potential sap conduction in relation to environmental parameters and as a result, strategies to resist water stress. We found that (1) branch diameter (BD) captured 78% of total wood trait variation, (2) vessel size (SVS) expressed 32% of intraspecific variation according to cambium age, and (3) the positive relationship between SVS and BD could be explained by climate type, vegetation cover changes, and therefore available water resources. Taking into consideration the diameter of the branch as the main factor of anatomical variation, established reaction norms (linear models) at the intrapopulation scale of vessel lumen area according to aridity show for the first time how the functioning of the cambium modulates and controls sap conduction, according to aridity and thus available water resources. They pinpoint the risks incurred by the wild olive tree in the perspective of a dramatic increase in aridity, in particular, the inability of the cambium to produce large enough vessels to efficiently transport sap and irrigate the leaves. Finally, this study opens new and interesting avenues for studying at a Mediterranean scale, the resistance and the vulnerability of wild forms and cultivated varieties of olive to heterogeneous and changing environmental conditions

Vidéo - Documentaire Science on tourne - Volailles d'hier et d'aujourd'hui, le patrimoine au service d’un élevage durable

Vidéo - Documentaire Science on tourne - Volailles d'hier et d'aujourd'hui, le patrimoine au service d’un élevage durableLa volaille fait l’objet d’une demande forte, satisfaite par un commerce international intense, alors que les consommateurs français demandent des produits locaux, issus de chaînes de productions durables et ancrées sur leurs territoires. Ainsi, un consortium multidisciplinaire de chercheurs en région Centre-Val de Loire alliant des historiens, des sociologues, des biologistes s’est attaché à décrire et comprendre les relations entre cette production et le territoire sur le long terme. La dimension patrimoniale doit contribuer à renforcer l’image et le développement des pratiques contemporaines sous signes de qualité

Documenting the history of the grapevine and viticulture: A quantitative eco-anatomical perspective applied to modern and archaeological charcoal

International audienceThe history of the grapevine and viticulture is well documented by an extensive and rich corpus of textual, iconographic, archaeological, archaeobotanical and morphometric data. However, until now, grapevine charcoal remains from archaeological contexts were largely underexploited. In this study we describe the development of a quantitative anatomical method which aims to discriminate between the wild and cultivated grapevines based on a reference collection of modem individuals. The plasticity of grapevine anatomical characters was quantified in relation to maturity or age of wood and environmental conditions. For the first time, quantitative eco-anatomical features of charcoal from archaeological sites (South of France, Bronze Age - Modem Period) were compared to the reference models established beforehand. This procedure allowed us to identify the status (wild or cultivated-domesticated) of certain sub-fossil samples. Our results complement data from archaeobotany and from traditional and geometric morphometric analyses of Vitis pips. They confirm the collection/use of the wild grapevine during the Bronze Age and the exploitation of cultivated forms on coastal or near coastal sites (Mediterranean), from the Iron Age up to the Modem Period. Furthermore, the question of an early grapevine cultivation (5th c. BCE) in regions away from the sea is raised for the first time

Seed morphology uncovers 1500 years of vine agrobiodiversity before the advent of the Champagne wine

International audienceA crucial aspect of viticulture is finally unveiled as the historical dynamics of its agrobiodiversity are described in the Champagne region for the first time. Outline analyses were carried out to compare the morphology of archaeological grape seeds from Troyes and Reims (first c. AD to fifteenth c. AD) with that of a reference collection of modern seeds, including wild vines and traditional grape varieties, believed to be ancient and characteristic of the French vine heritage. This allows us to document the chronological dynamics of the use of the wild Vitis type and of the diversity of the varieties used, based on morphological disparity. After showing the existence of morphological types corresponding to geographical groups, we highlight a geochronological dynamic. Our results show that the wild type is used throughout the series, up to the Middle Ages. In addition, domestic forms, morphologically related to southern varietal groups, are very early involved in the Champagne grape agrodiversity. The groups corresponding to the typical grape varieties of today do not appear until the second millennium. These previously unsuspected dynamics are discussed in light of the social, societal and climatic changes documented for the period

Understanding anatomical plasticity of Argan wood features at local geographical scale in ecological and archaeobotanical perspectives

International audienceThe emergence of the Argan tree as an agricultural, pastoral, cultural, economic and ecological keystone species in Southern Morocco is considered to be linked to the settlement of agropastoral communities that favored its expansion. Nevertheless, the use and exploitation of Argan tree is documented by both few medieval written sources and archaeobotanical studies, from a single location, Îgîlîz (Toughmart, Morocco), a famous medieval site of the Anti-Atlas Mountains. Therefore, data remain scarce regarding the type of Argan communities exploited at this period. In order to document this question, a quantitative eco-anatomical approach aiming to understand variations of wood characters involved in sap conduction and reserve storage, is developed from modern samples collected in the area of Îgîlîz. Results show that diameter of branches and environmental factors are the major parameters explaining plasticity of wood anatomical characters. Quantitative eco-anatomical features of Argan archaeological charcoal confronted to two statistical models, allow assessing both the diameter of the branches from which it derives and the agro-ecological conditions of tree growth and development. This preliminary study may be considered as a relevant and pioneering work for the understanding of the eco-history of the Argan tree, and of its use and exploitation during the past

Exploitation précoce de la vigne à Alba-la-Romaine Ardèche (France), loin du littoral méditerranéen (ve siècle avant J.-C.) : analyses bioarchéologiques multiproxy et données archéologiques

International audienc

Exploitation précoce de la vigne à Alba-la-Romaine Ardèche (France), loin du littoral méditerranéen (ve siècle avant J.-C.) : analyses bioarchéologiques multiproxy et données archéologiques

International audienc

Shape diversity of olive stones, resulting from domestication and diversification, unveils traits of the oldest known 6500-years-old table olives from Hishuley Carmel Site (Israel)

International audienc