6,549 research outputs found

    Failure Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Damage Mechanics and Classical Laminate Theory

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    The prediction of the behavior of reinforced concrete beams under bending is essential for the perfect design of these elements. Usually, the classical models do not incorporate the physical nonlinear behavior of concrete under tension and compression, which can underestimate the deformations in the structural element under short and long-term loads. In the present work, a variational formulation based on the Finite Element Method is presented to predict the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams. The physical nonlinearity due cracking of concrete is considered by utilization of damage concept in the definition of constitutive models, and the lamination theory it is used in discretization of section cross of beams. In the layered approach, the reinforced concrete element is formulated as a laminated composite that consists of thin layers, of concrete or steel that has been modeled as elasticperfectly plastic material. The comparison of numerical load-displacement results with experimental results found in the literature demonstrates a good approximation of the model and validates the application of the damage model in the Classical Laminate Theory to predict mechanical failure of reinforced concrete beam. The results obtained by the numerical model indicated a variation in the stress–strain behavior of each beam, while for under-reinforced beams, the compressive stresses did not reach the peak stress but the stress–strain behavior was observed in the nonlinear regime at failure, for the other beams, the concrete had reached its ultimate strain, and the beam’s neutral axis was close to the centroid of the cross-section

    Symbolic Computation of Variational Symmetries in Optimal Control

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    We use a computer algebra system to compute, in an efficient way, optimal control variational symmetries up to a gauge term. The symmetries are then used to obtain families of Noether's first integrals, possibly in the presence of nonconservative external forces. As an application, we obtain eight independent first integrals for the sub-Riemannian nilpotent problem (2,3,5,8).Comment: Presented at the 4th Junior European Meeting on "Control and Optimization", Bialystok Technical University, Bialystok, Poland, 11-14 September 2005. Accepted (24-Feb-2006) to Control & Cybernetic

    Cultivo da soca de arroz irrigado: uma alternativa para o aumento da rentabilidade da rizicultura do baixo São Francisco.

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    Vida útil pós-colheita de genótipos de cebola sob temperatura ambiente.

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    Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade e a conservação pós-colheita, quatorze genótipos de cebola (IPA-03, IPA-04, IPA-08, IPA-10, IPA-11, Brisa, Texas Grano 502, Texas Grano 502 PRR, Red Creole, Granex 429, Alfa São Francisco, EX-19013, EX-07593000 e Sawana Sweet) foram armazenados sob temperatura ambiente (25,1±3,3ºC e 37±7% UR) e avaliados aos 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias.Suplemento. Edição dos Resumos Expandidos do 45. Congresso Brasileiro de Olericultura; 15. Congresso Brasileiro de Floricultura e Plantas Ornamentais; 2. Congresso Brasileiro de Cultura de Tecidos de Plantas, Fortaleza, ago. 2005

    Estudo fitoquímico do extrato etanólico do caule de Solanum Stramonifolium Jacq. (Família: Solanaceae).

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    O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um estudo fitoquímico do extrato etanólico do caule de S. stramonifolium, visando identificar as classes de compostos secundários presentes

    Efeito do estresse luminoso sobre Crotalaria spectabilis (Fabaceae) e seu inseto herbívoro, a mariposa Utetheisa ornatrix (Erebidae:Arctiinae)

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    The Plant Stress Hypothesis predicts that stressed plants are more attacked by herbivorous insects. In this work, we investigated the influence of light stress on Crotalaria spectabilis Roth (Fabaceae) and on its main herbivore, the moth Utetheisa ornatrix (L., 1758) (Erebidae: Arctiinae). Specifically, we verified whether plants stressed by shading differ from non-stressed plants in terms of productivity, morphological characteristics and water percentage. We also evaluated the performance of moths in stressed and non-stressed plants. Seeds were sown in pots. When the plants reached 50 cm in height, they were randomly divided into two groups: stressed plants (treatment group) and non-stressed plants (control group). The stressed plants were covered by a black mesh, providing 50% of shading. Eight characteristics of stressed and non-stressed C. spectabilis plants were evaluated: height, fresh and dry aerial biomass, number of pods and seeds, leaf hardness, number of trichomes, leaf area, specific leaf mass and percentage of leaf water. Moths were raised individually on leaves of stressed and non-stressed plants and we obtained the larval survival, larval development time, pupal weight and female fecundity. The non-stressed plants had significantly higher percentage of water in the leaves, greater fresh aerial biomass and a higher number of trichomes than the stressed plants. The survival rate was 98% for larvae raised on leaves from stressed plants and 92% on leaves from nonstressed plants. The larval developmental time was significantly shorter and the weight of female pupae significantly higher in non-stressed plants than in stressed plants. Thus, the Plant Stress Hypothesis was only corroborated by two tested variables: number of trichomes (lower in stressed plants) and larval survival (higher in stressed plants). Trichomes are among the main types of plant defenses against herbivory and reducing their number on leaves would make stressed plants more susceptible to attack by moth larvae, a fact corroborated by a greater larval survival. One of the possible explanations for the lack of corroboration of the Plant Stress Hypothesis for most of the variables tested is that other characteristics can be changed under stress conditions, such as the concentration of secondary compounds.A hipótese do estresse da planta prevê que as plantas estressadas são mais atacadas por insetos herbívoros. Neste trabalho, investigamos a influência do estresse luminoso em Crotalaria spectabilis Roth (Fabaceae) e em seu principal herbívoro, a mariposa Utetheisa ornatrix (L., 1758) (Erebidae: Arctiinae). Especificamente, verificamos se as plantas estressadas por sombreamento diferem das plantas não estressadas em termos de produtividade, características morfológicas e porcentagem de água. Também avaliamos o desempenho das mariposas em plantas estressadas e não estressadas. As sementes foram semeadas em vasos. Quando as plantas atingiram 50 cm de altura, foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: plantas estressadas (grupo de tratamento) e plantas sem estresse (grupo controle). As plantas estressadas foram cobertas por uma malha preta, proporcionando 50% de sombreamento. Foram avaliadas oito características de plantas estressadas e não estressadas de C. spectabilis: altura, biomassa aérea fresca e seca, número de vagens e sementes, dureza foliar, número de tricomas, área foliar, massa foliar específica e porcentagem de água foliar. As mariposas foram criadas individualmente em folhas de plantas estressadas e não estressadas. Obtivemos a sobrevivência larval, o tempo de desenvolvimento larval, o peso pupal e a fecundidade das fêmeas As plantas não estressadas apresentaram porcentagem significativamente maior de água nas folhas, maior biomassa aérea fresca e um maior número de tricomas do que as plantas estressadas. A taxa de sobrevivência foi de 98% para larvas criadas em folhas de plantas sob estresse e 92% em folhas de plantas sem estresse. O tempo de desenvolvimento larval foi significativamente menor e o peso das pupas femininas significativamente maior em plantas sem estresse do que em plantas estressadas. Assim, a hipótese de estresse em plantas foi corroborada apenas por duas variáveis testadas: número de tricomas (menor nas plantas estressadas) e sobrevivência larval (maior nas plantas estressadas). Os tricomas estão entre os principais tipos de defesa das plantas contra a herbivoria e a redução do seu número nas folhas tornaria as plantas estressadas mais suscetíveis ao ataque de larvas de mariposas, fato corroborado por uma maior sobrevivência larval. Uma das possíveis explicações para a falta de corroboração da hipótese de estresse de planta para a maioria das variáveis testadas é que outras características podem ser alteradas sob condições de estresse, como a concentração de compostos secundários
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