In vitro evaluation of neutral oximes as reactivators of parathion-inhibited electric eel acetylcholinesterase

Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are irreversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) commonly used as pesticides and, unfortunately, as nerve agents in terrorist attacks. These compounds are highly soluble easily crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Clinically, oximes such as pralidoxime and obidoxime are used for the reactivation of AChE. These oximes are not sufficiently effective to reactivate AChE inhibited by different OPs besides the fact that they are permanently charged and do not readily cross the BBB. This work evaluated the ability of ten neutral oximes to reactivate parathion-inhibited eel AChE. Because oximes can bind to AChE as reversible inhibitors, this property was also evaluated, with pralidoxime (2-PAM) used as a reference compound. Unlike 2-PAM, which inhibited AChE in a concentration-dependent manner, neutral oximes were not good inhibitors of AChE. Neutral ligands can present affinity for the PAS site. Neutral oximes 1 and 2 (200 mM) reactivated parathion-inhibited eel AChE by 9% and 11%, respectively; but neither of them surpassed the reactivation efficacy of 2-PAM (25%). Neutral oximes 1 and 2 reactivated AChE at a safe concentration for humans. Both neutral oximes 1 and 2 are good non-quaternary moieties for the synthesis of conjugates with enhanced reactivation potency and BBB penetration

An overview of geological originated materials as a trend for adsorption in wastewater treatment

Adsorption is a unit operation widely used for the tertiary treatment of the most diverse effluents, whose mechanism is based on removing recalcitrant compounds from the organic and inorganic origin. In this process, choosing a suitable adsorbent is a fundamental point. This review article focuses on the adsorbents with natural geological origin: minerals, clays, geopolymers, and even wastes resulted from mining activity. Therefore, over 450 articles and research papers were explored. These materials' main sources are described, and their characteristics, composition, and intrinsic properties are related to adsorption. Herein, we discuss the effects of several process parameters, such as pH, temperature, pollutant, and adsorbent concentration. Furthermore, equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamic aspects are also addressed, and relevant regeneration prospects and final disposal. Finally, some suggestions and perspectives on applying these adsorbents in wastewater treatment are presented as future trends

Manejo De Bacias Hidrográficas E Sua Influência Sobre Os Recursos Hídricos

Studies on the use and occupation of soil explored by various segments of urban, rural and industrial societies, associated to the watershed characteristics are extremely important for water resources management and sustainability. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the influence of different managements of soil use and occupation associated to declivity and superficial flow water resources of watersheds located in Triângulo Mineiro – MG. The study was conducted by monitoring the flow and sediment in 4 basins from September 2013 to October 2014, besides the determination of soil use and occupation, declivity and superficial flow during this time. The obtained mathematical models showed that the ratio of the different soil uses and occupations interferes with the specific production and sediment concentration and the specific flow of watersheds as well, while the amount of superficial flow interferes with the specific sediment production. The simulations results of the management of watersheds’ use and occupation showed that the conservation of native forests, the conservationist techniques of soil use and the minimization techniques of diffuse transport from urban areas are essential for keeping water availability and quality. © 2016, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP. All rights reserved.21223925

Indexes Of Spatio-temporal Change To Reconstruct The Historical Evolution Of A Coastal Region - Case Study: São Sebastião Island - Sp

The coastal regions of Brazil have lost most of their distinct characteristics due to an intense, diverse, and long history of land use. The current scenario is the result of successive changes which have taken place since the colonization of Brazil. These changes should be taken into account in environmental planning since the decisions about the future depend on the understanding of past changes. In this regard, the aim of this study was to identify and quantify the spatio-temporal changes in land use in a coastal region, using principles of landscape ecology and scenario construction. The case study was the São Sebastião Island, divided into 61 watersheds, off the northern coast of São Paulo State (Brazil). The study involved the development and application of a methodology to interpret the historical dynamics of the island. The driving forces were identified and indexes of change were calculated to define the phases of occupation of the island. Five phases of occupation of the coastal landscape were mapped: preservation, conservation, regeneration, exploitation and urbanization. These phases represent a pattern of internal heterogeneity, sometimes positive (environmental conservation), and sometimes negative (environmental degradation).58SPEC. ISSUE 33747França, A.A., (1954) Ilha De São Sebastião: Estudo De Geografia Humana, , São Paulo: USPFujihara, M., Kikuchi, T., Changes in the landscape structure of the Nagara Watershed, central Japan (2005) Landscape and Urban Planning, 70, pp. 271-281Gibson, C.C., Ostrom, E., Anh, T.H., The concept of scale and the human dimension of global change: A survey (2000) Ecological Economics, 32, pp. 217-239Pedreira, B.C.C.G., Santos, R.F., Sensores emotos, escalas geográficas e análises espaciais orientados a planejamentos ambientais em áreas florestais (2003) Revista Do Instituto Florestal, São Paulo, 15 (2), pp. 81-96de Ilhabela, P.M., (2005) Plano Gestor De Turismo - Estância Balneária IlhabelaSantos, M.A., Santos, R.F., (2008) Construção De Cenários Por Análises Temporais E Métricas Espaciais, , Revista do Instituto FlorestalSantos, R.F., (2004) Planejamento Ambiental - Teoria E Prática, , São Paulo: Oficina de Texto(2008) Relatório Estadual De Acompanhamento Dos Objetivos De Desenvolvimento Do Milênio - 2008, , SEADE - FUNDAÇÃO SISTEMA ESTADUAL DE ANÁLISE DE DADOS. São Paulo: Imprensa Oficial do Estado de São PauloStefanov, W.L., Ramsey, M.S., Christensen, P.R., Monitoring urban land cover change: An expert system approach to land cover classification of semiarid to arid urban centers (2001) Remote Sensing of Environment, 77, pp. 173-185Turner, M.G., Gardner, R.H., Oneill, R.V., (2001) Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice: Pattern and Process, p. 401. , New York: Springer-VerlagWeng, Y.C., Spatiotemporal changes of landscape pattern in response to urbanization (2007) Landscape and Urban Planning, 81, pp. 341-353Wilson, J.S., Clay, M., Martin, E., Stuckey, D., Vedder-Risch, K., Evaluating environmental influences of zoning in urban ecosystems with remote sensing (2003) Remote Sensing of Environment, 86, pp. 303-321Wu, J., Hobbs, R.J., (2007) Key Topics in Landscape Ecology, , Cambridge University Press. United Kingdo

Arterial vascularization of the thoracic lobes of the thymus in stillborns of the lineage C40

As origens e distribuições das artérias que vascularizaram os lobos torácicos do timo foram estudadas em fetos de 30 suínos da linhagem C40, sendo 12 machos e 18 fêmeas. Os exemplares tiveram o sistema arterial preenchido com solução aquosa a 50% de Neoprene Látex corado e, em seguida, foram submetidos à fixação em solução aquosa a 10% de formaldeído. Os lobos torácicos do timo foram vascularizados por ramos diretos das artérias torácica interna direita (63,33%) e esquerda (53,33%), subclávia esquerda (3,33%), vertebral esquerda (3,33%), cervical superficial direita (3,33%) e esquerda (3,33%), carótida comum esquerda (3,33%), coronária direita (3,33%) e pelos troncos braquiocefálico (33,33%) e costocervical (3,33%). Observaram-se ainda os ramos indiretos das artérias torácica interna direita (70%) e esquerda (76,67%), subclávia esquerda (23,33%), cervical superficial esquerda (3,33%) e do arco aórtico (6,67%).The origins and distributions of the arteries that vascularization the thoracic lobes of the thymus, right and left, were studied in 30 swine of the lineage C40, fetus, being 12 males and 18 females. The animals had the arterial system filled with aqueous colored solution in a 50% of Neoprene Latex, and than were fixed in 10% aqueous solution formaldehyde. The thoracic lobes of thymus were vascularization by direct branches of the right (53.33%) and left (63.33%) internal thoracic arteries, left subclavian (3.33%), left vertebral (3.33%), right (3.33%) and left (3.33%) superficial cervical, left common carotid (3.33%), right coronary (3.33%) and brachiocephalic trunk (33.33%) and costocervical trunk (3.33%). The right internal thoracic arteries (70%) and left internal thoracic (76.67%), left subclavian (23.33%), left superficial cervical (3.33%) of the aortic arch (6.67%) provided indirect branches for the correspondent thoracic lobes of the thymus in each side

Role of the chemokines CCL3/MIP-1α and CCL5/RANTES in sponge-induced inflammatory angiogenesis in mice

Barcelos, Luciola S Coelho, Amanda M Russo, Remo C Guabiraba, Rodrigo Souza, Adriano L S Bruno-Lima, Guilherme Jr Proudfoot, Amanda E I Andrade, Silvia P Teixeira, Mauro M Microvasc Res. 2009 Sep;78(2):148-54. doi: 10.1016/j.mvr.2009.04.009. Epub 2009 May 8.; International audience; OBJECTIVE: We examined the potential contribution of CCL3 and CCL5 to inflammatory angiogenesis in mice. METHODS: Polyester-polyurethane sponges were implanted in mice and blood vessel counting and hemoglobin, myeloperoxidase and N-acetylglucosaminidase measurements used as indexes for vascularization, neutrophil and macrophage accumulation, respectively. RESULTS: CCL3 and CCL5 were expressed throughout the observation period. Exogenous CCL3 enhanced angiogenesis in WT, but angiogenesis proceeded normally in CCL3(-/-) mice, suggesting that endogenous CCL3 is not critical for sponge-induced angiogenesis in mice. CCL5 expression was detected at day 1, but levels significantly increased thereafter. Exogenous CCL5 reduced angiogenesis in WT mice possible via CCR5 as CCL5 was without an effect in CCR5(-/-) mice. Treatment of WT with the CCR1/CCR5 antagonist, Met-RANTES, prevented neutrophil and macrophage accumulation, but enhanced sponge vascularization. CONCLUSION: Thus, endogenous CCL3 appears not to play a role in driving sponge-induced inflammatory angiogenesis in mice. The effects of CCL5 were anti-angiogenic and appeared to be mediated via activation of CCR5

PADRONIZAÇÃO DA CITOLOGIA DE IMPRESSÃO DA SUPERFÍCIE OCULAR CANINA

Técnica de exame de citologia de impressão foi padronizada em olhos de cães sem alterações oculares. Foram realizados exames de citologia de impressão do epitélio corneano, conjuntival e tarsal em 30 olhos de 21 animais de raças e idades variadas. As amostras foram colhidas de cães atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da FMVZ-USP entre fevereiro e julho de 2003, sendo coradas e avaliadas no Laboratório de Doenças Externas Oculares da UNIFESP. A colheita foi bem tolerada pelos cães e o papel filtro utilizado removeu células em quantidade e morfologia adequadas para estudo citológico. Foi observado em 100% dos casos que o epitélio da conjuntiva bulbar canina apresenta aspecto metaplasia-like, com ausência de células caliciformes. Estas só foram encontradas na conjuntiva tarsal em 21,4% das amostras avaliadas dessa região. A citologia de impressão é um método factível para avaliação da superfície ocular em cães. Entretanto, a celularidade das amostras obtidas do tarso mostrou-se inadequada. Além disso, a pesquisa da densidade de células caliciformes em áreas bulbares, embora usada em seres humanos, pode não servir como indicador de alteração da superfície ocular para a espécie canina. Standardization of canine ocular surface impression cytology Abstract Impression cytology technique in dog eyes without ocular disease was standardized. Impression cytology was performed in corneal, conjunctival and tarsal epithelium in 30 eyes of 21 animals with different races and ages. Samples were obtained from dogs attended in FMVZ-USP Veterinary Hospital between February to July 2003, being stained and evaluated at UNIFESP´s External Eye Disease Laboratory. Sampling was well tolerated by dogs and the filter paper used removed cells with adequate morphology and quantity for cytologyc evaluation. In all cases canine bulbar conjunctival epithelium showed metaplasia-like features without goblet cells. Impression cytology is a feasible method for ocular surface evaluation in dogs. However, celularity was considered inadequated in samples obtained from tarsal conjunctiva. Furthermore, seeking goblet cell density in bulbar areas, although used in human beings, may not be used as an ocular surface disease indicator in canine species

Description Of The Hemipenial Morphology Of Tupinambis Quadrilineatus Manzani And Abe, 1997 (squamata, Teiidae) And New Records From Piauí, Brazil

Few data are available on the morphology of the hemipenis of teiid lizards, especially those of the recentlydefined genus Tupinambis, a widely-distributed group of large-bodied lizards. This study provides an illustrated description of the hemipenis of Tupinambis quadrilineatus, which is similar to that of other representatives of the Tupinambinae subfamily. New records of the species from the state of Piauí, in northeastern Brazil, are also presented. © Marcélia Basto da Silva et al.3616172Avila-Pires, T.C.S., (1995) Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata), p. 706. , Zoologische VerhandelingenBarreto, L., Arzabe, C., Lima, Y.C.C., Herpetofauna da região de Balsas (2007) Cerrado Norte do Brasil, pp. 221-229. , In: Barreto L (Ed), USEB, PelotasBöhme, W., Zur Genitalmorphologie der Sauria: Funktionelle und stammesgeschichtliche Aspekte (1988) Bonner Zoologische Monographien, 27, pp. 1-176Colli, G.R., Péres Jr., A.K., Cunha, H.J., A new species of Tupinambis (Squamata: Teiidae) from Central Brazil, with an analysis of morphological and genetic variation in the genus (1998) Herpetologica, 54 (4), pp. 477-492Cope, E.D., On the hemipenes of the Sauria (1896) Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 48, pp. 461-467Costa, H.C., São Pedro, V.A., Péres, A.K., Feio, N.R., Reptilia, Squamata, Teiidae, Tupinambis longilineus: Distribution extension (2008) Check List, 4, pp. 267-268Dal Vechio, F., Recoder, R., Rodrigues, M.T., Zaher, H., The herpetofauna of the Estação Ecológica de Uruçuí-Una, state of Piauí, Brazil (2013) Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 53 (16), pp. 225-243. , doi: 10.1590/S0031-10492013001600001Dowling, H.G., Duellman, W.E., (1978) Systematic Herpetology: A Synopsis of Families and Higher Categories, p. 118. , HISS Publications, New YorkFerreira, L.V., Pereira, J.L.G., Avila-Pires, T.C.S., Chaves, P.P., Cunha, D.A., Furtado, C.S., Primeira ocorrência de Tupinambis quadrilineatus Manzani, Abe, 1997 (Squamata: Teiidae) no bioma Amazônia (2009) Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Ciências Naturais, 4 (3), pp. 355-361Fitzgerald, L.A., Cook, J.A., Aquino, A.J., Molecular phylogenetics and conservation of Tupinambis (Sauria: Teiidae) (1999) Copeia, pp. 894-905. , doi: 10.2307/1447965Guimarães, T.C.S., Figueiredo, G.B., Salmito, W.E., Geographic distribution: Tupinambis quadrilineatus (2007) Herpetological Review, 38 (3), pp. 353-354Harvey, M.B., Ugueto, G.N., Gutberlet, R.L., Review of Teiid Morphology with a Revised Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Teiidae (Lepidosauria: Squamata) (2012) Zootaxa, pp. 1-156. , http://zoobank.org/References/457C2AD0-E5CF-4A41-B6CB-11722700BC5FLangstroth, R.P., Adiciones probables y confirmadas para la saurofauna boliviana (2005) Kempffiana, 1 (1), pp. 101-128Levington, A.E., McDiarmid, R., Moody, S., Nickerson, M., Rosado, J., Sokol, O., Voris, H., Museum acronyms (1980) Second edition, Herpetological Review, 11, pp. 93-102Lima, A.C., Pimenta, F.E., Reptilia, Squamata, Teiidae, Tupinambis longilineus: Distribution extension (2008) Check List, 4, pp. 240-243Manzani, P.R., Abe, A., A new species of Tupinambis Daudin, 1802 (Squamata: Teiidae) from Brazil (1997) Boletim do Museu Nacional, Nova Série, Zoologia, 382, pp. 1-10Manzani, P.R., Abe, A., Sobre dois novos métodos de preparação de hemipênis de serpentes (1988) Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 50 (1), pp. 15-20Manzani, P.R., Abe, A.S., A new species of Tupinambis Daudin, 1803 from southeastern Brazil (Squamata, Teiidae) (2002) Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 60, pp. 295-302Mesquita, D.O., Colli, G.R., França, F.G.R., Vitt, L.J., Ecology of a Cerrado lizard assemblage in the Jalapão region of Brazil (2006) Copeia 2006, (3), pp. 460-471. , doi: 10.1643/0045-8511(2006)2006[460:EOACLA]2.0.CO;2Moreira, L.A., Fenolio, D.B., Silva, H.L.R., Silva Jr., N.J., A preliminary list of the Herpetofauna from termite mounds of the cerrado in the Upper Tocantins river valley (2009) Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 49 (15), pp. 183-189. , http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0031-10492009001500001&script=sci_arttextMyers, C.H., Williams, E.E., McDiarmid, R.W., A new anoline lizard (Phenacosaurus) from the highland of Cerro de la Neblina, Southern Venezuela (1993) American Museum Novitates 3070, pp. 1-15Pesantes, O.S., A method for preparing the hemipenis of preserved snakes (1994) Journal of Herpetology, 28, pp. 93-95. , doi: 10.2307/1564686Recoder, R., Nogueira, C., Composição e diversidade de répteis na região sul do Parque Nacional Grande Sertão Veredas, Brasil Central (2007) Biota Neotropica, 7 (3), pp. 267-278. , doi: 10.1590/S1676-06032007000300029Recoder, R.S., Junior, M.T., Camacho, A., Nunes, P.M.S., Mott, T., Valdujo, P.H., Ghellere, J.M., Rodrigues, M.T., Répteis da Estação Ecológica Serra Geral do Tocantins, Brasil Central (2011) Biota Neotropica, 11 (1), pp. 263-282. , doi: 10.1590/S1676-06032011000100026Savage, J.M., On terminology for the description of the hemipenis of squamate reptiles (1997) Herpetological Journal, 7, pp. 23-25. , doi: 10.1590/S1984-46702011000400005Silva Jr., N.J., Silva, H.L.R., Rodrigues, M.T., Valle, N.C.U., Costa, M.C., Castro, S.P., Linder, E.T., Sites Jr., J.W., A fauna de vertebrados do vale do alto rio Tocantins em áreas de usinas hidrelétricas (2005) Estudos, 32, pp. 57-101Silveira, A.L., Reptilia, Squamata, Teiidae, Tupinambis quadrilineatus: Distribution extension and geographic distribution map (2009) Check List, 5 (3), pp. 442-445Taylor, J.F., Genus Tupinambis, Tegus (2003) Reptilia, 27, pp. 43-49Vitt, L.J., Cadwell, J.P., Colli, G.R., Garda, A.A., Mesquita, D.O., França, F.G.R., Shepard, D.B., Silva, V.N., Uma atualização do guia fotográfico dos répteis e anfíbios da região do Jalapão no Cerrado brasileiro (2005) Special Publications in Herpetology, San Noble Oklahoma Museum of Nature History, 2, pp. 1-24Werneck, F.P., Colli, G.R., The lizard assemblage from seasonally dry tropical forest enclaves in the Cerrado biome, Brazil, and its association with the pleistocenic arc (2006) Journal of Biogeography, 33, pp. 1983-1992. , doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01553.xZaher, H., Prudente, A.L.C., Hemipenis of Siphlophis (Serpentes, Xenodontinae) and Techniques of Hemipenial Preparation in Snakes: A Response to Dowling (2003) Herpetological Review, 34, pp. 302-30

Vírus da encefalite São Luis: primeiro isolamento de humano no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

O presente estudo relata o isolamento do vírus da encefalite São Luis (SLEV) de um caso febril humano suspeito de dengue, em São Pedro, Estado de São Paulo. MAC-ELISA realizado com soros das fases aguda e convalescente foi inconclusivo e anticorpos IgG foram detectados por inibição da hemaglutinação para flavivirus. Imunofluorescência indireta com cultura de células C6/36 inoculadas com soro da fase aguda foi positivo para flavivirus mas negativo quando testado com anticorpos monoclonais para dengue. O RNA extraído de cultura de células infectadas foi amplificado na presença de primers universais para o gênero Flavivirus, deduzidos de uma região da proteína não estrutural 5 e diretamente sequenciado. Os resultados da pesquisa no BLAST indicaram que a seqüência apresenta 93% de similaridade de nucleotídeos com a seqüência de SLEV (cepa MS1.7), confirmado por RT-PCR, realizado com primers específicos para SLEV. O fato de SLEV ter sido identificado como a causa de doença humana indica a necessidade de aprimorar a vigilância a fim de detectar precocemente esse agente no Estado de São Paulo e no Brasil. Esse caso é também um alerta para os profissionais de saúde sobre a necessidade de investigações clínicas e epidemiológicas mais completas sobre doenças febris como no caso relatado. Infecções por SLEV podem não ser reconhecidas ou confundidas com outras causadas por arbovírus como a dengue.This paper reports the isolation of St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) from a febrile human case suspected to be dengue, in São Pedro, São Paulo State. A MAC-ELISA done on the patient's acute and convalescent sera was inconclusive and hemagglutination inhibition test detected IgG antibody for flaviviruses. An indirect immunofluorescent assay done on the C6/36 cell culture inoculated with the acute serum was positive for flaviviruses but negative when tested with dengue monoclonal antibodies. RNA extracted from the infected cell culture supernatant was amplified by RT-PCR in the presence of NS5 universal flavivirus primers and directly sequenced. Results of BLAST search indicated that this sequence shares 93% nucleotide similarity with the sequence of SLEV (strain-MSI.7), confirmed by RT-PCR performed with SLEV specific primers. Since SLEV was identified as the cause of human disease, it is necessary to improve surveillance in order to achieve early detection of this agent in the state of São Paulo and in Brazil. This finding is also an alert to health professionals about the need for more complete clinical and epidemiological investigations of febrile illnesses as in the reported case. SLEV infections can be unrecognized or confused with other ones caused by an arbovirus, such as dengue