Analysis of pozzolanicity of the rind cashew nut ashes by X-ray diffraction

Atualmente, o aproveitamento de resíduos na construção civil tem sido estimulado, uma vez que esse setor apresenta-se como um dos maiores consumidores de materiais naturais em seus processos e produtos. As cinzas ocupam lugar de destaque entre os resíduos agroindustriais por resultarem de processos de geração de energia. Grande parte dessas cinzas possui atividade pozolânica, podendo ser utilizada como substituto parcial do cimento Portland, resultando numa economia significativa de energia e custo. Este trabalho faz parte de uma pesquisa mais ampla, a qual busca avaliar a viabilidade técnica da cinza da casca da castanha de caju (CCCC) como adição mineral em matrizes de cimento Portland, como também, propor uma metodologia de análise de cinzas agroindustriais. Aplicou-se a técnica de difratometria de raios X para avaliar a reatividade do hidróxido de cálcio pela cinza da casca da castanha de caju em pastas, empregaram-se teores de substituição entre 2,5 e 30,0% e os difratogramas das pastas foram comparados com os das pastas confeccionadas com sílica ativa, executados sobre as mesmas condições de ensaio. Os resultados apontam para a ausência de reatividade pozolânica da CCCC com o cimento Portland.Nowadays, the residues exploitation in civil building has been stimulated, mainly because this sector of activity is one of the biggest consumers of natural materials. Some agricultural wastes, such as ashes, have become materials of great interest for building construction because of their pozzolanic activity, and can be used as replacement material for Portland cement, resulting in less energy waste and low cost. This stage of analyses is part of a wider research for the evaluation of the technical viability of the cashew nut rind ashes (CCCC) as mineral admixture in Portland cement products, as well as, the proposition of a methodology of analysis of agroindustrial ashes. In that stage, the technique of X-ray diffraction (XRD) was applied to evaluate the reactivity of the calcium hydroxide for the cashew nut rind ashes in pastes. Substitution rates from 2.5 to 30.0%. The difratograms of the pastes were compared with the ones with silica fume, executed under the same test conditions. The results indicate that the CCCC don't react with the Portland cement

Nonextensive thermostatistics and the H theorem

Using the Boltzmann's transport equation method, the kinetic foundations of Tsallis' nonextensive thermostatistics were investigated. The analysis follows from a nonextensive generalization of the 'molecular chaos hypothesis.' For q > 0, the q-transport equation satisfies an H theorem based on Tsallis entropy. It is also proved that the collisional equilibrium is given by Tsallis' q-nonextensive velocity distribution.Fil: Lima, J.A.. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte; BrasilFil: Silva, R.. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte; BrasilFil: Plastino, Ángel Ricardo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas; Argentina. Universitat de les Illes Balears; España. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentin

Relações entre migmatização e deformação na região de Banabuiù (Domínio Ceará Central, Brasil)

A região de Banabuiú localiza-se no Domínio Ceará Central (DCC), NE do Brasil e é constituída, em grande parte da sua extensão, por uma sequência sedimentar turbidítica de idade paleoproterozóica, intensamente deformada e metamorfizada durante a orogenia brasiliana (ca. 600 Ma). O metamorfismo regional de alto grau (topo da fácies anfibolítica / fácies granulítica) atingiu as condições de fusão parcial e deu origem a um complexo gnáissico-migmatítico, composto por metatexitos estromáticos, diatexitos “schlieren” e diatexitos nebulíticos. Os contactos entre os diferentes tipos litológicos são geralmente transicionais, embora tenha sido possível individualizar faixas alternadas de metatexitos e diatexitos à escala cartográfica. Nos metatexitos estromáticos, reconhecem-se com facilidade três componentes principais (a) o hospedeiro metassedimentar (paleossoma), formado por uma alternância de metapelitos e metagrauvaques, com intercalações pontuais de quartzitos e de rochas calcosilicatadas; (b) o fundido (leucossoma), representado por veios quartzo-feldspáticos, frequentemente pegmatíticos e (c) o resíduo refractário (melanossoma), constituído por finos leitos pelíticos envolvendo os leucossomas. Em contraste, os diatexitos são texturalmente muito mais heterogéneos, contêm maiores proporções de leucossoma (>30%) e não preservam as estruturas pré-migmatização. As observações realizadas no campo permitiram identificar três gerações de leucossomas. A primeira está associada à primeira fase de deformação (D1) e é marcada pela presença de veios de leucossomas com espessura centimétrica, indicando que o início da fusão parcial das litologias férteis da crusta terá ocorrido precocemente durante o engrossamento crustal. O segundo evento de deformação (D2) é responsável pelo dobramento do bandado migmatítico D1 e pela formação de abundantes quantidades de fundido. O último episódio de deformação dúctil (D3) parece estar relacionado com a actuação da zona de cisalhamento de Orós (ZCO), que limita a área estudada a este. Deu origem a dobras com planos axiais de direcção N-S a N30E, inclinação próxima de 90 e eixos mergulhantes para norte e para sul. As lineações minerais e de estiramento, quando visíveis, têm orientação N-S e baixo ângulo de mergulho para sul ou para norte. Durante a D3, formaram-se leucossomas concordantes e discordantes com as estruturas D3. À escala regional, o bandado migmatítico (D2+D3) é a estrutura dominante tanto nos diatexitos como nos metatexitos e chega a adquirir um carácter milonítico nas zonas em que a deformação D3 é mais intensa. A proporção de fundido parece aumentar progressivamente desde a D1 até às fases mais tardias (D2 e D3) e terá culminado com a formação de um granito anatéctico de tipo S que aflora no sector ocidental da região

Cooking impact in color, pigments and volatile composition of grapevine leaves (Vitis vinifera L. var. Malvasia Fina and Touriga Franca)

Grapevine leaves (Vitis vinifera L. var. Malvasia Fina and Touriga Franca) under culinary treatment (blanching and boiling at 60, 75 and 90 min) were studied for their color, pigments and volatile fraction changes. Blanching and boiling caused a decrease in luminosity and a loss of green coloration in both varieties, while a yellow-brownish color arose. Significant correlations were established between the loss of green color (monochromatic variable a ∗ ) and the total chlorophylls content. The main volatiles in fresh leaves [(Z)-3-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate] were drastically reduced by blanching and suppressed by boiling. Other compounds like pentanal and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2 one arose from blanching and boiling. A boiling time of 60 min is adequate for the culinary process of grapevine leaves, since the product is considered edible and the pigments and volatile changes are not as drastic as observed at 75 and 90 min of boiling.The authors are grateful to PRODER (Programa de Desenvolvimento Rural) for the financial support under the project ‘‘Proteção da videira contra pragas e doenças em modo de produção biológico para obtenção de vinho biológico” (n 47476).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A different approach in an AAL ecosystem: a mobile assistant for the caregiver

Currently the Ambient Assisted Living and the Ambient Intelligence areas are very prolific. There is a demand of security and comfort that should be ensured at people’s homes. The AAL4ALL (ambient assisted living for all) pro-ject aims to develop a unified ecosystem and a certification process, allowing the development of fully compatible devices and services. The UserAccess emerges from the AAL4ALL project, being a demonstration of its validity. The UserAc-cess architecture, implementation, interfaces and test scenario are presented, along with the sensor platform specially developed for the AAL4ALL project.Project "AAL4ALL", co-financed by the European Community Fund FEDER, through COMPETE - Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade (POFC). Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Lisbon, Portugal, through Project PEst-C/CTM/LA0025/2013 and the project PEst-OE/EEI/UI0752/2014. Project CAMCoF - Context-aware Multimodal Communication Framework funded by ERDF -European Regional Development Fund through the COMPETE Programme (operational programme for competitiveness) and by National Funds through the FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology) within project FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-028980

Acercamiento a la situacion socioeconomica de las comunidades campesinas del Departamento de Sucre desde la perspectiva del Programa Yuquero

An overview is given of the situation of farm communities in the dept. of Sucre, Colombia, where a cassava drying program operates. The lack of integration of the developmental activities carried out by different institutions is evident, indicating the need for greater participation in district planning. Since a trend to monocrop cassava was observed, more attention should be paid to agricultural diversification. An animal feed industry using dried cassava should be installed. Several technical aspects of agricultural production are also discussed such as mechanization, intercropping, plant density, improved technology, and income. Recommendations are also given regarding the current underutilization of the machinery of the existing agroindustries, the improvement of sanitary conditions in the plants, and the enforcement of basic industrial security measures. Product quality control should be conducted, especially regarding MC. Conditions favoring a greater participation of members in farmer organizations should be sought, in addition to enhanced institutional support in the search for a more integrated approach to regional development. (CIAT)Se presenta una percepcion global de la situacion de las comunidades campesinas del Depto. de Sucre, Colombia, donde se desarrolla un programa de secado de la yuca. Se destaca la falta de integracion de las actividades de desarrollo realizadas por diversas instituciones, lo cual indica la necesidad de una mayor participacion en la planificacion distrital. Puesto que se observo una tendencia al monocultivo de la yuca, se debe prestar mas atencion a la diversificacion agricola. Se sugiere instalar una planta para producir alimentos para animales que aproveche la yuca seca. Se discuten, ademas, varios aspectos tecnicos de la produccion agricola como mecanizacion, cultivos asociados, densidad de siembra, tecnologia mejorada e ingresos. Tambien se presentan recomendaciones sobre la actual subutilizacion de la maquinaria en las agroindustrias existentes, el mejoramiento de los servicios higienicos en las plantas y la implementacion de medidas basicas de seguridad industrial. Se debe efectuar un control de calidad del producto, especialmente en cuanto a CH. Se deben buscar las condiciones para fomentar mayor participacion de los socios en las organizaciones, ademas de incrementar el apoyo institucional en busca de un enfoque mas integrado de desarrollo a nivel regional. (CIAT

Fluoride Intake By Children From Water And Dentifrice

Objective. To determine the total fluoride dose to which children were exposed during the critical age of developing dental fluorosis, in an optimally fluoridated region, having diet (liquids and solids) and dentifrice as fluoride sources. Methods. For the pilot study, 39 children (aged 20 to 30 months) were selected from a day care center in Piracicaba, Brazil. They drank and ate food prepared with fluoridated water. To determine the total dose of fluoride exposure, duplicate-plate samples and products from tooth brushing were collected for two consecutive days, in four periods of the year. Fluoride was determined using an ion specific electrode. A 5% level of significance variance analysis (Anova) was carried out. Results. Children were exposed to a total fluoride dose of 0.090 mg/day/kg of body weight, of which 45% came from the diet and 55% from dentifrice. Conclusions. Assuming 0.07 mg/kg as a threshold value of fluoride systemic exposure, children were exposed to a risk dose for dental fluorosis. Thus, measures to reduce fluoride intake at the studied age range would be recommended. Reducing the amount of dentifrice used for tooth brushing seems to be the best measure, given the risk/benefits of fluoride use from the public health perspective.356576581Burt, B.A., The changing patterns of systemic fluoride intake (1992) J. Dent. Res., 71 (SPEC. ISSUE), pp. 1228-1237Cury, J.A., Representatividade dos dentifrícios fluoretados no mercado brasileiro e sua confiabilidade como método preventivo (1989), São Paulo: Associação Brasileira de Odontologia PreventivaCury, J.A., Cárie e creme dental (1998) J. ABOPREV, 9, p. 2. , (espec)Cury, J.A., Determination of appropriate exposure of fluoride in non-EME countries in the future (2000) J. Dent. Res., 79 (4), p. 901Cury, J.A., Uso do flúor e o controle da cárie como doença (2001), pp. 34-68. , Baratieri LNMonteiro S, Andrada MAC, Vieira LCC, Ritter AV, Cardoso AC. Odontologia Restauradora - Fundamentos e Possibilidades. São Paulo: SantosDuarte, F.F., Pisaneschi, E., Cury, J.A., Avaliação do flúor dos dentifrícios mais consumidos no Brasil e comercializados nas cinco regiões do país (1999) Rev. ABOPREV, 2 (2), pp. 3-10Fejerskov, O., Baelum, V., Richards, A., Dose-response and dental fluorosis (chapter 9) (1996) Fluoride in Dentistry, , Fejerskov O, Ekstrand J, Burt BA. 2nd ed. Copenhagen: Munksgaard Chapter 9Ferreira, H.C.G., Gomes, A.M.M., Silva, K.R.C.S., Rodrigues, C.R.M.D., Gomes, A.A., Avaliação do teor de flúor na água de abastecimento público do município de Vitória, ES (1999) Rev. APCD, 53 (6), pp. 455-459Guha-Chowdhury, N., Drummond, B.K., Smillie, A.C., Total fluoride intake in children aged 3 to 4 years: A longitudinal study (1996) J. Dent. Res., 75, pp. 1451-1457Holloway, P.J., Ellwood, R.P., The prevalence, causes and cosmetic importance of dental fluorosis in the United Kingdom: A review (1997) Community Dent. Health, 14, pp. 148-155Tratamento e fluoretação da água dos municípios brasileiros (2000), http://www.saude.gov.br/programas/bucal/fluoreta%.htm, Ministério da Saúde. [on line]. Disponível em URL: [dez 18]Narvai, P.C., Frazão, P., Castellanos, R.A., Declínio na experiência de cárie em dentes permanentes de escolares brasileiros no final do século XX (1999) Odontol. Socied., 1, pp. 25-29Paiva, S.M., Cury, J.A., Contribution of diet and fluoridated dentifrice to the risk of dental fluorosis (1999) J. Dent. Res., 78, p. 367. , [IADR abstract n. 2089]Pendrys, D.G., Katz, R.V., Morse, D.E., Risk factors for enamel fluorosis in a fluoridated population (1996) Am. J. Epidemiol., 143, pp. 808-815Reis, S.R.A., Mendonça, L.L., Cabral, M.B.B.S., Marchionni, A.M.T., Andrade, M.G.S., Souza, F.M., Fluorose dental, estado nutricional e cárie dental em escolares de diferentes estratos socioeconômicos de Salvador, Bahia - Parte I (1999) RPG Rev. Pós. Grad., 6, pp. 387-394Rojas-Sanchez, F., Kelly, S.A., Drake, K.M., Eckert, G.J., Stookey, G.K., Dunipace, A.J., Fluoride intake from foods, beverages and dentifrice by young children in communities with negligible and optimally fluoridated water: A pilot study (1999) Community Dent. Oral. Epidemiol., 27, pp. 288-297(2001), http://www.saude.sp.gov.br/html/fr_sbucal.htm, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde. Resolução SS-95, de 27/06/200. Recomendações sobre o uso de produtos fluorados no âmbito do SUS/SP em função do risco de cárie dentária. [on line] [ ago21]Taves, D.R., Separation of fluoride by rapid diffusion using hexamethyldisiloxane (1968) Talanta, 15, pp. 969-974Villena, R.S., Cury, J.A., Flúor: Uso racional na 1a infância (1998) Odontologia na 1a Infância, pp. 291-314. , Nahas S. São Paulo: Santo

Metal and semimetal loadings in sediments and water from mangrove ecosystems: A preliminary assessment of anthropogenic enrichment in São Tomé island (central Africa)

Mangroves act as buffer areas for marine systems, providing a barrier to contamination from continental sources by retaining metal pollutants. This study evaluates metal and semimetal contamination in the water column and sediments of four mangroves located on the volcanic island of São Tomé. Several metals had a widespread distribution, with occasional high concentrations, linked to potential sources of contamination. However, the two smaller mangroves, located in the northern part of the island, tended to have high metal concentrations. Arsenic and chromium concentrations were notably concerning, particularly if we consider this is an isolated and non-industrialized island. This work highlights the need for further assessments and a better understanding of processes and implications of metal contamination in mangroves. This assumes a particular relevance in areas that have specific geochemical compositions (i.e., volcanic origin) and in developing countries, where people often rely directly and heavily on resources obtained from these ecosystems.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Note. Colonisation of bench cover materials by Salmonella typhimurium

Due to the increasing requirements of food safety, it is of utmost importance to know the mechanisms that can determine the occurrence of the phenomenon commonly assigned by cross contamination, which can be expressed by the transference of harmful substances or microorganisms to the human food chain. This is particularly susceptible during food preparation, because it can occur by the transference of the pathogen microorganisms from food to the surfaces where they had been prepared, and from there to foods initially not contaminated, therefore initiating the cycle. This study attempted to investigate the colonisation by Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 13311 of marble and granite, two materials commonly used as bench covers in kitchens of many countries. These materials were selected because there is a lack of studies in the literature about their ability for bacterial colonisation. In addition, the colonisation of stainless steel (SS) 304, a material usually studied, was also analysed in terms of comparison. Surface hydrophobicity and roughness were determined in order to explain the differences in the extent of adhesion. The results showed that SS was the material with a greater extent of colonisation by S. typhimurium, followed by marble and, almost to the same extent, by granite. S. typhimurium adheres to a greater extent to the most hydrophobic material and to the material with roughest surface.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) - PRAXIS SFRH/BPD/11553/2002, projecto POCI/AGR/59358/200