Individualism and entrepreneurship: Does the pattern depend on the social context?

This article argues that cultural and personal values are relevant in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions; as such, the interplay between both value-levels deserves attention. Individualist values such as achievement, pleasure, self-direction and an exciting and stimulating life are related to entrepreneurial intention and activity, at both the cultural and personal levels. From a sample of 2069 adults with a university degree, the results support a double-effect of culture on entrepreneurial intention: the personal values effect (a more individualist culture leads to more members exhibiting higher entrepreneurial intentions) and the outlier effect (those who are more individualist than average in their culture will exhibit a higher entrepreneurial intention). Within the two individualist dimensions considered (self-enhancement and openness to change), the relationship of self-enhancement to entrepreneurial intention is stronger than that of openness to change. The implications of these results are discussed and avenues for future research are proposed

Capillary rise of a liquid between two vertical plates making a small angle.

The penetration of a wetting liquid in the narrow gap between two vertical plates making a small angle is analyzed in the framework of the lubrication approximation. At the beginning of the process, the liquid rises independently at different distances from the line of intersection of the plates except in a small region around this line where the effect of the gravity is negligible. The maximum height of the liquid initially increases as the cubic root of time and is attained at a point that reaches the line of intersection only after a certain time. At later times, the motion of the liquid is confined to a thin layer around the line of intersection whose height increases as the cubic root of time and whose thickness decreases as the inverse of the cubic root of time. The evolution of the liquid surface is computed numerically and compared with the results of a simple experiment

Transient analysis of carbon combustion in stagnation flow

The early history of a carbón particle is studied as it is suddenly injected into a hot oxidizing atmosphere. In this early phase, a high Reynolds number approach is appropriate. Five stages characterize the processes: (1) inert stage, (2) transition stage (ignition of the heterogeneous reaction), (3) heterogeneous diffusion controlled stage, (4) homogeneous ignition, and (5) overall diffusion-controlled stage. In this last stage, the surface temperature and the regression rate reach the fínal equilibríum valúes. Using correlations for the quasi-steady gas-phase response and Green's function for the solid phase, the evolution of the surface temperature as well the regression rate are obtained

Boundary layer separation by a step in surface temperature

Abstract—The free-interaction influence of thermal expansion process in the boundary layer gas flow is analysed in this paper, using the formalism of the Triple-Deck theory. The physical model considered herein is the forced convection of a gas flowing over a flat plate subject to a step change in the surface temperature, taking place at a certain distance from the leading edge. There is a fundamental parameter 7"w, defined as the ratio of the wall temperature to the free stream temperature. For values of Tw close to one, the governing equations can be linearized and solved with the aid of the Fourier transform method. However, for values of this parameter not close to one, a numerical treatment is required to solve the governing equations. Using finite-difference methods, the numerical results for the pressure, skin friction, thickness displacement and Nusselt number are presented for different values of T„. Finally, for a critical value of this temperature ratio, the boundary layer separates

Premixed combustion in boundary layers for moderate values of the Zeldovich numbers

The classical problem of the ignition and flame generation of combustible premixed gases by a hot flat pJate is analyzed by asymptotic techniques for moderate values of the Zeldovich numbers. For temperatures of the plate smaller than the adiabatic flame temperature it was found that the corrections to the zeroth-order solution (Zeldovich approximation) are very important for finite Zeldovich numbers. The asymptotic analysis was carried out with the inclusion of reactant consumption showing different responses depending if the reactant consumption parameter is larger or smaller than a critical one. For temperatures of the plate larger than the adiabatic flame temperatures (that is, the reactant consumption parameter larger than the critical one), the ignition is not characterized by a thermal runaway and a smooth transition from frozen to equilibrium flow is obtained. The evolution towards the premixed flame formation is analyzed and the flame position and flame temperature are obtained

The influence of ecosystems on the entrepreneurship process: a comparison across developed and developing economies

Over the past 30 years, the academic literature has legitimised the significant impact of environmental conditions on entrepreneurial activity. In the past 5 years, in particular, the academic debate has focused on the elements that configure entrepreneurship ecosystems and their influence on the creation of high-growth ventures. Previous studies have also recognised the heterogeneity of environmental conditions (including policies, support programs, funding, culture, professional infrastructure, university support, labour market, R&D, and market dynamics) across regions/countries. Yet, an in-depth discussion is required to address how environmental conditions vary per entrepreneurial stage of enterprises within certain regions/countries, as well as how these conditions determine the technological factor of the entrepreneurial process. By reviewing the literature from 2000 to 2017, this paper analyses the environmental conditions that have influenced the transitions towards becoming potential entrepreneurs, nascent/new entrepreneurs, and established/consolidated entrepreneurs in both developed and developing economies. Our findings show why diversity in entrepreneurship and context is significant. Favourable conditions include professional support, incubators/accelerators, networking with multiple agents, and R&D investments. Less favourable conditions include a lack of funding sources, labour market conditions, and social norms. Our paper contributes by proposing a research agenda and implications for stakeholders

Conjugate free convection along a thin vertical plate with internal nonuniform heat generation in a porous medium

The steady state heat transfer characteristics of a thin vertical strip with internal heat generation placed in a porous medium is studied in this work. The non-dimensional temperature distribution in the strip is obtained as a function of the intensity and distribution of the internal heat sources. Both the thermally thin as the thick wall approximations are considered in this paper. The mass flow rate of fluid induced by heating the strip decreases as the longitudinal heat conduction effects along the strip decreases

The hydrogen–air burning rate near the lean flammability limit

This paper investigates the inner structure of the thin reactive layer of hydrogen–air fuellean deflagrations close to the flammability limit. The analysis, which employs seven elementary reactions for the chemistry description, uses the ratio of the characteristic radical and fuel concentrations as a small asymptotic parameter, enabling an accurate analytic expression for the resulting burning rate to be derived. The analysis reveals that the steady-state assumption for chemical intermediaries, applicable on the hot side of the reactive layer, fails, however, as the crossover temperature is approached, providing a nonnegligible higher-order correction to the burning rate. The results can be useful, for instance, in future investigations of hydrogen deflagration instabilities near the lean flammability limit

Análisis sobre la influencia de la densidad en la termografía de infrarrojos y el alcance de esta técnica en la detección de defectos internos en la madera

This paper shows the results of a laboratory phase for the determination of the 1limits of infrared thermography in detecting internal defects in wood and, furthermore, it analyses how the density of this material can influence the surface temperature displayed in a thermogram. To this end, experimental work is carried out whereby a series of work and environmental parameters are monitored (such as environmental temperature, relative humidity, distance to target), and the process is systematized by using pieces of different wood species (different densities) and by devising a set of samples for which various possible cases are analysed in terms of size and internal position of the damage. Similarly, using these samples, a study has been conducted on the effect on the thermal image produced by an increase of humidity inside the defect phenomena normally associated with wood decay.En el presente artículo se muestran los resultados obtenidos en una fase de laboratorio al tratar de determinar el alcance de la termografía de infrarrojos en la detección de defectos internos en la madera y, por otro lado, cómo interviene la densidad de este material sobre la temperatura superficial mostrada en un termograma. Para ello se ha desarrollado un trabajo experimental donde se han controlado una serie de parámetros ambientales y de trabajo (temperatura ambiente, humedad relativa, distancia al objetivo…), y se ha sistematizado el proceso utilizando piezas de distintas especies de madera (distintas densidades) y diseñando una serie de probetas donde se han analizado varias casuísticas posibles en cuanto a tamaño y posición interna de los daños. Análogamente, sobre estas probetas se ha estudiado el efecto que produce sobre la imagen termográfica un incremento de humedad interna en el defecto asociada normalmente a los fenómenos de pudrición de la madera

Inspección mediante técnicas no destructivas de un edificio histórico: oratorio San Felipe Neri (Cádiz)

The main aim of this article is showing the results that have been obtained when non destructive techniques (ultrasound and thermography) are applied to a building with an important artistic and historical value. These non-destructive techniques have been applied in the inspection of the wooden roof structure to detect different states of deterioration, loss of density and defects. The aim is the assessment the state of the preservation of the wooden structure. A fieldwork has been carried out, where the two techniques have been applied together, ultrasound, an effective technique to establish the diagnosis of a wooden structure, and the thermography, a technique less tested in the in situ inspection of this material. The aim is checking the range and the real possibilities of using of each technique. In this sense, the methodology of ultrasound developed and published by the authors is applied and the thermography like in situ inspection tool, analysing additional difficulties and interference parameters not found in laboratory. The conclusions of this study show that the union of the ultrasound technique and the thermography is a good tool for on-site inspection of wooden structures and to assess their conditions allowing establishing a proper diagnosis. Thermography can detect different moisture contents and different materials and, on the other hand, ultrasound detects different states of deterioration or loss of density in specific areas with a high moisture content of the pieces.El objetivo de este artículo es dar a conocer los resultados obtenidos al aplicar técnicas no destructivas de inspección (ultrasonidos y termografía) durante las obras de reparación de un edificio de gran valor histórico y artístico. Estas técnicas no destructivas se han aplicado en la inspección de la cubierta de madera del edificio para detectar distintos estados de deterioro, pérdidas de densidad y defectos, con el objetivo de evaluar su estado de conservación. Se ha realizado un trabajo de campo donde se ha aplicado ambas técnicas conjuntamente, los ultrasonidos, técnica eficaz para establecer el diagnóstico de una estructura de madera, y la termografía, técnica menos experimentada en la inspección in situ de este material. El objetivo es acotar el alcance y las posibilidades reales de utilización de cada una de las técnicas. En este sentido, se aplica la metodología de ultrasonidos desarrollada y publicada por las autoras y se estudia la termografía como herramienta de inspección in situ analizando las dificultades añadidas y parámetros de interferencia no detectados en laboratorio. Las conclusiones del trabajo ponen de manifiesto que la unión de la técnica de ultrasonidos y la termografía constituyen una buena herramienta para la inspección in situ de las estructuras de madera y para evaluar sus condiciones permitiendo establecer un diagnóstico adecuado. La termografía permite detectar distintos contenidos de humedad y distintos materiales y, por otro lado, los ultrasonidos los distintos grados de deterioro o pérdida de densidad en zonas localizadas con elevado contenido de humedad de las piezas