CLIMATE CHANGE: THE POLITICS AND CHALLENGES IN PERSPECTIVE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS

This article consists of five major parts. It includes the analysis of politics and international cooperation on climate change and the legal environmental scenario and implementation, trends, and litigation concerns faced by climate change. The Paris Agreement of Climate Change (2015) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nation are the two main players at the global level to target greenhouse gas emissions as a voluntary framework. These guiding principles relating to the environment for sustainable development are evolving over time and did not shape as customary law. The ultimate solution lies in understanding the problem intensity through growing scientific facts about the impacts of climate change

Climate change: the politics and challenges in perspective of the international environmental laws

This article consists of five major parts. It includes the analysis of politics and international cooperation on climate change and the legal environmental scenario and implementation, trends and litigation concerns faced by climate change. The Paris Agreement of Climate Change (2015) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nation are the two main players at the global level to target greenhouse gas emissions as a voluntary framework. These guiding principles relating to the environment for sustainable development are evolving over time and did not shape as customary law. The ultimate solution lies in understanding the problem intensity through growing scientific facts about the impacts of climate change

Impact of Crime on Socio-Economic Development: A Study of Karachi

This study was conducted to explore the impact of crime on socio-economic development of the country. The purpose of the study was to comprehend the increasing crime rate and to know its influences on socio-economic progress. To examine the crime and its impacts on country development, a field survey was conducted and questionnaires was developed to understand the ground situation. For the purpose of the interviews the members of the community were selected by using simple random sample technique.  This study is found that crime rate is cumulative due to dissimilar socio-economic snags like, poverty, unemployment, uses of drugs, etc.  Further this study highlights the causes and recommends possible solutions for the curbing the threat of crime in Karachi. The main focus of this research paper is to find out the pathways to overcome crime in Pakistan. Key words: Crime, Socio-Economic, Development, Karach

Socio-Economic Effects of Children Employment Law in Reducing Child Labor in Punjab-Pakistan

Children do laborious work because of many reasons out of which the most important is the pressure to help the family escaping from extreme poverty. Though the children are not given adequate payment for their work and the children prove to be the dominant shareholders to family income especially in developing nations. According to Maple Croft report, Pakistan was placed at 6th position out of top 10 countries in which child labor is in its worst condition. Keeping in view that scenario the present study is aimed to identify the socio-economic effect of child employment laws in reducing child labor. The study was conducted in Sargodha District of Punjab. Multistage sampling was used for data collection. Study employed descriptive design. Study population included all the poor people living in rural areas of district Sargodha. From four randomly selected villages, thirty poor people were selected purposively from each village for the collection of data. Thus, study sample consisted of total 120 poor families whose children were doing laborious work. Structured interview schedule was developed with continuous guidance and supervision of field experts. Panel of experts determined content and face validity of the research instrument. Cronbach’s alpha value was used to check reliability of instrument. Data was collected through personal interviews. Data thus collected was analyzed and different statistical techniques were applied to explain the results of the study

Identification of miRNAs and their targets by high-throughput sequencing and degradome analysis in cytoplasmic male-sterile line NJCMS1A and its maintainer NJCMS1B of soybean

Table S1. Summary of small RNA annotations from NJCMS1A and NJCMS1B. Table S2. Known miRNAs identified in NJCMS1A and NJCMS1B. Table S3. Family member distribution in conserved miRNA families. Table S4. Summary of miRNA families found in NJCMS1A and NJCMS1B. Table S5. Novel miRNAs on the other arm of known pre-miRNAs. Table S6. Novel miRNAs identified in NJCMS1A and NJCMS1B. Table S7-1. High-confidence known miRNAs identified in NJCMS1A and NJCMS1B. Table S7-2. High-confidence novel miRNAs identified in NJCMS1A and NJCMS1B. Table S8-1. The up-regulated miRNAs identified in NJCMS1A and NJCMS1B. Table S8-2. The down-regulated miRNAs identified in NJCMS1A and NJCMS1B. Table S9. The targets of miRNAs identified in NJCMS1A and NJCMS1B. Table S10. Targets of novel miRNAs in NJCMS1A and NJCMS1B. Table S11. Primers used in this study. (ZIP 637 kb

IFDMR Establishment – A Solution for Space Debris Mitigation and Removal

Space debris is a global mounting ultimatum to the enduring maintainability of outer space activities and ought to be managed from the very beginning; otherwise, it will be too late. Based on the last couple of years, collisions are incidents that have enhanced space debris accumulation, and the rate at which space activities have resulted in the production of debris is at a threshold position in a linear fashion. Ultimately, space has become the rendezvous of space debris. Based on the growing accumulation of debris and the emerging apprehension regarding a horrible strike and collapse of whole space programs, to remove debris is very expensive process so this paper focuses on the financial challenges and solution as well. Developing and developed countries realize the value of a competent establishment of an International Fund for Debris Mitigation and Removal (IFDMR) that could address the financial issues. Thus, this paper suggests to create incentive opportunities for remediation of space debris and penalties for its production. it would be very strong and effective mechanism to halt this mounting issue by utilizing international fund. The revenue for fund would be collected mainly from contributing member states space agencies, the proportionate contributors of debris producer like (US, RUSSIA, CHINA), and other relevant stack holders, insurance of missions, levying fee from every launching, donations from various international organizations and private entities and UN Aid etc. The fund would be operated by the Director of fund having board of directors as management team under the umbrella of UNOOSA

Detecting the QTL-Allele System of Seed Oil Traits Using Multi-Locus Genome-Wide Association Analysis for Population Characterization and Optimal Cross Prediction in Soybean

Soybean is one of the world's major vegetative oil sources, while oleic acid and linolenic acid content are the major quality traits of soybean oil. The restricted two-stage multi-locus genome-wide association analysis (RTM-GWAS), characterized with error and false-positive control, has provided a potential approach for a relatively thorough detection of whole-genome QTL-alleles. The Chinese soybean landrace population (CSLRP) composed of 366 accessions was tested under four environments to identify the QTL-allele constitution of seed oil, oleic acid and linolenic acid content (SOC, OAC, and LAC). Using RTM-GWAS with 29,119 SNPLDBs (SNP linkage disequilibrium blocks) as genomic markers, 50, 98, and 50 QTLs with 136, 283, and 154 alleles (2–9 per locus) were detected, with their contribution 82.52, 90.31, and 83.86% to phenotypic variance, corresponding to their heritability 91.29, 90.97, and 90.24% for SOC, OAC, and LAC, respectively. The RTM-GWAS was shown to be more powerful and efficient than previous single-locus model GWAS procedures. For each trait, the detected QTL-alleles were organized into a QTL-allele matrix as the population genetic constitution. From which the genetic differentiation among 6 eco-populations was characterized as significant allele frequency differentiation on 28, 56, and 30 loci for the three traits, respectively. The QTL-allele matrices were also used for genomic selection for optimal crosses, which predicted transgressive potential up to 24.76, 40.30, and 2.37% for the respective traits, respectively. From the detected major QTLs, 38, 27, and 25 candidate genes were annotated for the respective traits, and two common QTL covering eight genes were identified for further study

The E2 glycoprotein is necessary but not sufficient for the adaptation of classical swine fever virus lapinized vaccine C-strain to the rabbit

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) C-strain was developed through hundreds of passages of a highly virulent CSFV in rabbits. To investigate the molecular basis for the adaptation of C-strain to the rabbit (ACR), a panel of chimeric viruses with the exchange of glycoproteins Erns, E1, and/or E2 between C-strain and the highly virulent Shimen strain and a number of mutant viruses with different amino acid substitutions in E2 protein were generated and evaluated in rabbits. Our results demonstrate that Shimen-based chimeras expressing Erns-E1-E2, Erns-E2 or E1-E2 but not Erns-E1, Erns, E1, or E2 of C-strain can replicate in rabbits, indicating that E2 in combination with either Erns or E1 confers the ACR. Notably, E2 and the amino acids P108 and T109 in Domain I of E2 are critical in ACR. Collectively, our data indicate that E2 is crucial in mediating the ACR, which requires synergistic contribution of Erns or E1

Press reslease from the Premier and Tourism Minister, Mr Dunstan: New amenity block for Moonta Bay Caravan Park

Getting rid of the tubes: An assessment of the retention of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in the organs of mice was carried out using single photon emission computed tomography and quantitative scintigraphy (see scheme). Increasing the degree of functionalization on MWNTs enhanced renal clearance, while lower functionalization promoted reticuloendethelial system accumulation

The coupled boundary layers and air-sea transfer experiment in low winds

Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 88 (2007): 341-356, doi:10.1175/bams-88-3-341.The Office of Naval Research's Coupled Boundary Layers and Air–Sea Transfer (CBLAST) program is being conducted to investigate the processes that couple the marine boundary layers and govern the exchange of heat, mass, and momentum across the air–sea interface. CBLAST-LOW was designed to investigate these processes at the low-wind extreme where the processes are often driven or strongly modulated by buoyant forcing. The focus was on conditions ranging from negligible wind stress, where buoyant forcing dominates, up to wind speeds where wave breaking and Langmuir circulations play a significant role in the exchange processes. The field program provided observations from a suite of platforms deployed in the coastal ocean south of Martha's Vineyard. Highlights from the measurement campaigns include direct measurement of the momentum and heat fluxes on both sides of the air–sea interface using a specially constructed Air–Sea Interaction Tower (ASIT), and quantification of regional oceanic variability over scales of O (1–104 mm) using a mesoscale mooring array, aircraft-borne remote sensors, drifters, and ship surveys. To our knowledge, the former represents the first successful attempt to directly and simultaneously measure the heat and momentum exchange on both sides of the air–sea interface. The latter provided a 3D picture of the oceanic boundary layer during the month-long main experiment. These observations have been combined with numerical models and direct numerical and large-eddy simulations to investigate the processes that couple the atmosphere and ocean under these conditions. For example, the oceanic measurements have been used in the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) to investigate the 3D evolution of regional ocean thermal stratification. The ultimate goal of these investigations is to incorporate improved parameterizations of these processes in coupled models such as the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) to improve marine forecasts of wind, waves, and currents.This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research