1,126 research outputs found
Criticality in confined ionic fluids
A theory of a confined two dimensional electrolyte is presented. The positive
and negative ions, interacting by a potential, are constrained to move on
an interface separating two solvents with dielectric constants and
. It is shown that the Debye-H\"uckel type of theory predicts that
the this 2d Coulomb fluid should undergo a phase separation into a coexisting
liquid (high density) and gas (low density) phases. We argue, however, that the
formation of polymer-like chains of alternating positive and negative ions can
prevent this phase transition from taking place.Comment: RevTex, no figures, in press Phys. Rev.
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a aparición de regularidades y variabilidad en ecosistemas marinos: el papel combinado de la física, la química y la biología
Marine ecosystems play an integral role in the functioning of life on earth. To predict how they will respond to global changes, and to effectively manage and maintain services upon which humans rely, we must understand how biological processes at the cellular level generate macroscopic patterns in the oceans. Here, we discuss how physics and biogeochemistry influence and constrain marine ecosystem structure and function, and outline key regularities and patterns of variability that models should aim to reproduce. We identify unanswered questions regarding how size-dependent physiological and ecological processes are linked to turbulent mixing, dealing specifically with how size structure is related to mixing over a range of spatial scales and how it is linked to the fate of primary production in the sea.Los ecosistemas marinos juegan un papel integral en el funcionamiento de la vida sobre la Tierra. Para predecir cómo van a responder a cambios globales y para mantener los servicios de los cuales los humanos dependemos, tenemos que comprender cómo los procesos biológicos a nivel celular generan patrones macroscópicos en el océano. Examinamos cómo la física y la biogeoquímica afectan y limitan la estructura y función de los ecosistemas marinos, y exponemos importantes regularidades y patrones de variabilidad que los modelos deberían reproducir. Identificamos aspectos sin resolver sobre la relación entre procesos fisiológicos y ecológicos y la mezcla turbulenta. En concreto, cómo la estructura de tamaños está relacionada con la mezcla en un rango de escalas espaciales y cómo está conectada con el destino de la producción primaria en el mar
Residual allergenicity of amino acid-based and extensively hydrolysed cow’s milk formulas
Background. Criteria for labelling infant feeds as suitable for the dietary management of cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA) rely on proving the hypoallergenicity of such feeds or clinical studies showing that the feeds are tolerated by 90% of children with proven CMPA. South African (SA) labelling legislation does not indicate what testing is necessary to prove hypoallergenicity.Objectives. To evaluate all extensively hydrolysed cow’s milk formulas and amino acid-based formulas available in SA for residual allergen content, protein size and amino-acid content.Results. All amino-acid and extensively hydrolysed formulas were found to be similar in composition, with no residual cow’s milk allergens detectable by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, proteins were absent and only small molecules in the size range of amino acids and possibly of very small oligopeptides were detected.Conclusions. These findings indicate that the formulas are extremely likely to be compliant with the definition of hypoallergenicity as tolerance in 90% of proven sufferers from cow’s milk allergy. The formulas may therefore be labelled as suitable for the dietary management of infants with CMPA
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The emergence of regularity and variability in marine ecosystems: the combined role of physics, chemistry and biology
Marine ecosystems play an integral role in the functioning of life on earth. To predict how they will respond to global changes, and to effectively manage and maintain services upon which humans rely, we must understand how biological processes at the cellular level generate macroscopic patterns in the oceans. Here, we discuss how physics and biogeochemistry influence and constrain marine ecosystem structure and function, and outline key regularities and patterns of variability that models should aim to reproduce. We identify unanswered questions regarding how size-dependent physiological and ecological processes are linked to turbulent mixing, dealing specifically with how size structure is related to mixing over a range of spatial scales and how it is linked to the fate of primary production in the sea
Diagnosis of atopic dermatitis : from bedside to laboratory
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is essentially diagnosed clinically. In babies and young children, the diagnosis is usually straightforward. Dry, very
pruritic dermatitis starts on the cheeks, with the neck and trunk often involved, but the nappy area spared. Limb involvement follows later
– first extensoral, later classically flexural. This is mostly the picture of AD. In adults, the presentation may vary widely. Classic flexural
dermatitis may persist, but erythroderma (whole-body involvement), head and neck dermatitis, isolated hand dermatitis and nummular
dermatitis may be more difficult to identify as AD.http://www.samj.org.zaam201
Dipolar origin of the gas-liquid coexistence of the hard-core 1:1 electrolyte model
We present a systematic study of the effect of the ion pairing on the
gas-liquid phase transition of hard-core 1:1 electrolyte models. We study a
class of dipolar dimer models that depend on a parameter R_c, the maximum
separation between the ions that compose the dimer. This parameter can vary
from sigma_{+/-} that corresponds to the tightly tethered dipolar dimer model,
to R_c --> infinity, that corresponds to the Stillinger-Lovett description of
the free ion system. The coexistence curve and critical point parameters are
obtained as a function of R_c by grand canonical Monte Carlo techniques. Our
results show that this dependence is smooth but non-monotonic and converges
asymptotically towards the free ion case for relatively small values of R_c.
This fact allows us to describe the gas-liquid transition in the free ion model
as a transition between two dimerized fluid phases. The role of the unpaired
ions can be considered as a perturbation of this picture.Comment: 16 pages, 13 figures, submitted to Physical Review
Condensation of Hard Spheres Under Gravity: Exact Results in One Dimension
We present exact results for the density profile of the one dimensional array
of N hard spheres of diameter D and mass m under gravity g. For a strictly one
dimensional system, the liquid-solid transition occurs at zero temperature,
because the close-pakced density, , is one. However, if we relax this
condition slightly such that , we find a series of critical
temperatures T_c^i=mgD(N+1-i)/\mu_o with \mu_o=const, at which the i-th
particle undergoes the liquid-solid transition. The functional form of the
onset temperature, T_c^1=mgDN/\mu_o, is consistent with the previous result
[Physica A 271, 192 (1999)] obtained by the Enskog equation. We also show that
the increase in the center of mass is linear in T before the transition, but it
becomes quadratic in T after the transition because of the formation of solid
near the bottom
Casimir Dispersion Forces and Orientational Pairwise Additivity
A path integral formulation is used to study the fluctuation-induced
interactions between manifolds of arbitrary shape at large separations. It is
shown that the form of the interactions crucially depends on the choice of the
boundary condition. In particular, whether or not the Casimir interaction is
pairwise additive is shown to depend on whether the ``metallic'' boundary
condition corresponds to a ``grounded'' or an ``isolated'' manifold.Comment: 6 pages, RevTe
Thermodynamics of Electrolytes on Anisotropic Lattices
The phase behavior of ionic fluids on simple cubic and tetragonal
(anisotropic) lattices has been studied by grand canonical Monte Carlo
simulations. Systems with both the true lattice Coulombic potential and
continuous-space electrostatic interactions have been investigated. At
all degrees of anisotropy, only coexistence between a disordered low-density
phase and an ordered high-density phase with the structure similar to ionic
crystal was found, in contrast to recent theoretical predictions. Tricritical
parameters were determined to be monotonously increasing functions of
anisotropy parameters which is consistent with theoretical calculations based
on the Debye-H\"uckel approach. At large anisotropies a two-dimensional-like
behavior is observed, from which we estimated the dimensionless tricritical
temperature and density for the two-dimensional square lattice electrolyte to
be and .Comment: submitted to PR
The liquid-vapor interface of an ionic fluid
We investigate the liquid-vapor interface of the restricted primitive model
(RPM) for an ionic fluid using a density-functional approximation based on
correlation functions of the homogeneous fluid as obtained from the
mean-spherical approximation (MSA). In the limit of a homogeneous fluid our
approach yields the well-known MSA (energy) equation of state. The ionic
interfacial density profiles, which for the RPM are identical for both species,
have a shape similar to those of simple atomic fluids in that the decay towards
the bulk values is more rapid on the vapor side than on the liquid side. This
is the opposite asymmetry of the decay to that found in earlier calculations
for the RPM based on a square-gradient theory. The width of the interface is,
for a wide range of temperatures, approximately four times the second moment
correlation length of the liquid phase. We discuss the magnitude and
temperature dependence of the surface tension, and argue that for temperatures
near the triple point the ratio of the dimensionless surface tension and
critical temperature is much smaller for the RPM than for simple atomic fluids.Comment: 6 postscript figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.
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