Valider les effets d'un traitement de rééducation à l'aide de la console Nintendo WII sur des patients atteints du syndrôme dysexécutif post AVC

RÉSUMÉ Depuis l’arrivée des premières consoles de jeux au milieu des années 70, plusieurs études ont porté sur les effets des jeux vidéo sur les joueurs. Toutefois, les chercheurs ne s’entendent pas sur la généralisation des effets des jeux vidéo c’est-à-dire leur présence au quotidien. La console Nintendo Wii a bouleversé le marché traditionnel des jeux vidéo avec sa manette haptique appelée Wiimote qui permet de reproduire certains mouvements naturels tels que jouer au tennis ou couper des légumes. Plusieurs professionnels de la santé se sont appropriés ce nouvel outil afin d’offrir à leur clientèle une méthode alternative et ludique de rééducation, sans toutefois avoir la certitude que cette technologie donne des résultats aussi valables que les méthodologies traditionnelles. L’objectif de ce projet de recherche est de valider les effets d’un traitement de rééducation à l’aide de la console Nintendo Wii sur des patients atteints du syndrome dysexécutif post AVC et ayant des limitations cognitives modérées. Notre hypothèse est qu’il y a généralisation des effets d’apprentissage suite à un traitement de rééducation avec la console Nintendo Wii chez ces patients. Cette recherche a été menée auprès de cinq patients inscrits au programme encéphalopathie du Centre de réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau. Ces derniers ont été rééduqués à l’aide de la Wii et du jeu vidéo Cooking Mama : Cook Off pendant six semaines. Pour valider notre hypothèse, nous avons évalué la présence du syndrome dysexécutif avec l’épreuve de cuisine développée par Chevignard et al. (2000), avant et après la rééducation à l’aide de la Wii. Une analyse individuelle des résultats nous a permis de confirmer notre hypothèse (mais sans preuve statistique à cause du trop petit nombre de patients) : il y a eu une diminution de la présence du syndrome dysexécutif suite à la rééducation à la Wii. Cette expérimentation nous a aussi permis de constater que ce type de rééducation n’est pas approprié pour tous et que l’aspect ludique du jeu vidéo a eu pour effets de motiver les participants à se dépasser et de leur faire oublier la notion du temps. Mots clés : accident vasculaire cérébral, syndrome dysexécutif, Wii, épreuve de cuisine----------ABSTRACT Several studies on the effects of video games on players have been made since the arrival of the first consoles of games in the mid 1970s. However, researchers have not come to a general agreement on the effects of video games on the daily lives of the players. In 2006 the Nintendo Wii console disrupted the traditional video games market with its Wiimote controller that reproduced specific natural movements such as playing tennis and cutting vegetables. Today, numerous health professionals are working on fitting this new tool as an alternate and playful method of rehabilitation for their clientele with no certainty that this technology may give as valid results as the traditional methodologies. The objective of this research is to validate the effects of treating patients suffering from post stroke Dysexecutive Syndrome and having moderate cognitive limitations through a re-education using the Wii. Our hypothesis states that there is a generalization on the effects of apprenticeship after a rehabilitation treatment with the console Nintendo Wii on these patients. This research was structured around five registered patients of the Encephalopathy program at the Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (CRLB). These patients underwent rehabilitation using the Nintendo Wii Console and the video game Cooking Mama: Cook Off for the duration of six weeks. To validate our hypothesis, we evaluated the presence of the Dysexecutive Syndrome with the Cooking Task developed by Chevignard and al. (2000), prior to and post the re-education. An individual analysis of the results (single subject design) allowed us to confirm our hypothesis: there was a decrease in the presence of the Dysexecutive Syndrome after the re-education using the Wii. Furthermore, these results were consequential with the progression of the patients in their rehabilitation treatment. This experimentation allowed us to note that this kind of rehabilitation does not apply to all patients, but that the playful aspect of the video game had motivated the participants while surpassing its main goal of the joy of a game and allowing the patients to forget the notion of time. Key words: stroke, dysexecutive syndrome, Wii, kitchen tas

Assessing parallel gene histories in viral genomes

Background: The increasing abundance of sequence data has exacerbated a long known problem: gene trees and species trees for the same terminal taxa are often incongruent. Indeed, genes within a genome have not all followed the same evolutionary path due to events such as incomplete lineage sorting, horizontal gene transfer, gene duplication and deletion, or recombination. Considering conflicts between gene trees as an obstacle, numerous methods have been developed to deal with these incongruences and to reconstruct consensus evolutionary histories of species despite the heterogeneity in the history of their genes. However, inconsistencies can also be seen as a source of information about the specific evolutionary processes that have shaped genomes. Results: The goal of the approach here proposed is to exploit this conflicting information: we have compiled eleven variables describing phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary pressures and submitted them to dimensionality reduction techniques to identify genes with similar evolutionary histories. To illustrate the applicability of the method, we have chosen two viral datasets, namely papillomaviruses and Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) isolates, largely dissimilar in genome, evolutionary distance and biology. Our method pinpoints viral genes with common evolutionary patterns. In the case of papillomaviruses, gene clusters match well our knowledge on viral biology and life cycle, illustrating the potential of our approach. For the less known TuMV, our results trigger new hypotheses about viral evolution and gene interaction. Conclusions: The approach here presented allows turning phylogenetic inconsistencies into evolutionary information, detecting gene assemblies with similar histories, and could be a powerful tool for comparative pathogenomics.IGB was funded by the disappeared Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation (CGL2010-16713). Work in Valencia was supported by grant BFU2012-30805 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) to SFE. BMC is the recipient of an IDIBELL PhD fellowship.Mengual-Chuliá, B.; Bedhomme, S.; Lafforgue, G.; Elena Fito, SF.; Bravo, IG. (2016). Assessing parallel gene histories in viral genomes. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16:1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-016-0605-4S11516Hess J, Goldman N. Addressing inter-gene heterogeneity in maximum likelihood phylogenomic analysis: Yeasts revisited. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e22783.Salichos L, Rokas A. Inferring ancient divergences requires genes with strong phylogenetic signals. Nature. 2013;497:327–31.Zhong B, Liu L, Yan Z, Penny D. Origin of land plants using the multispecies coalescent model. Trends Plant Sci. 2013;18:492–5.Song S, Liu L, Edwards SV, Wu S. Resolving conflict in eutherian mammal phylogeny using phylogenomics and the multispecies coalescent model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:14942–7.Nichols R. Gene trees and species trees are not the same. Trends Ecol Evol. 2001;16:358–64.Maddison WP. Gene trees in species trees. Syst Biol. 1997;46:523–36.Suh A, Smeds L, Ellegren H. The dynamics of incomplete lineage sorting across the ancient adaptive radiation of neoavian birds. PLoS Biol. 2015;13:e1002224.McBreen K, Lockhart PJ. Reconstructing reticulate evolutionary histories of plants. Trends Plant Sci. 2006;11:398–404.Dagan T, Martin W. The tree of one percent. Genome Biol. 2006;7:118.Beiko RG, Harlow TJ, Ragan MA. Highways of gene sharing in prokaryotes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:14332–7.Cotton JA, Page RD. Going nuclear: Gene family evolution and vertebrate phylogeny reconciled. Proc Biol Sci. 2002;269:1555–61.Kuhner MK, Yamato J. Practical performance of tree comparison metrics. Syst Biol. 2015;64:205–14.Brochier C, Bapteste E, Moreira D, Philippe H. Eubacterial phylogeny based on translational apparatus proteins. Trends Genet. 2002;18:1–5.Bapteste E, Susko E, Leigh J, MacLeod D, Charlebois RL, Doolittle WF. Do orthologous gene phylogenies really support tree-thinking? BMC Evol Biol. 2005;5:33.Leigh JW, Susko E, Baumgartner M, Roger AJ. Testing congruence in phylogenomic analysis. Syst Biol. 2008;57:104–15.Leigh JW, Schliep K, Lopez P, Bapteste E. Let them fall where they may: Congruence analysis in massive phylogenetically messy data sets. Mol Biol Evol. 2011;28:2773–85.de Vienne DM, Ollier S, Aguileta G. Phylo-mcoa: A fast and efficient method to detect outlier genes and species in phylogenomics using multiple co-inertia analysis. Mol Biol Evol. 2012;29:1587–98.Wang S, Luo X, Wei W, Zheng Y, Dou Y, Cai X. Calculation of evolutionary correlation between individual genes and full-length genome: A method useful for choosing phylogenetic markers for molecular epidemiology. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e81106.Salichos L, Stamatakis A, Rokas A. Novel information theory-based measures for quantifying incongruence among phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol. 2014;31:1261–71.Weyenberg G, Huggins PM, Schardl CL, Howe DK, Yoshida R. Kdetrees: Non-parametric estimation of phylogenetic tree distributions. Bioinformatics. 2014;30:2280–7.de Queiroz A. For consensus (sometimes). Syst Biol. 1993;42:368–72.Miyamoto MM, Fitch WM. Testing the covarion hypothesis of molecular evolution. Mol Biol Evol. 1995;12:503–13.Sanderson MJ, Purvis A, Henze C. Phylogenetic supertrees: Assembling the trees of life. Trends Ecol Evol. 1998;13:105–9.Bininda-Emonds ORP. Phylogenetic supertrees: Combining information to reveal the tree of life. Comput Biol. Dordrecht (The Netherlands): Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2004.Creevey CJ, Fitzpatrick DA, Philip GK, Kinsella RJ, O’Connell MJ, Pentony MM, et al. Does a tree-like phylogeny only exist at the tips in the prokaryotes? Proc Biol Sci. 2004;271:2551–8.Pisani D, Cotton JA, McInerney JO. Supertrees disentangle the chimerical origin of eukaryotic genomes. Mol Biol Evol. 2007;24:1752–60.Ane C, Larget B, Baum DA, Smith SD, Rokas A. Bayesian estimation of concordance among gene trees. Mol Biol Evol. 2007;24:412–26.Gordon AD. A measure of the agreement between rankings. Biometrika. 1979;66:7–15.de Vienne DM, Giraud T, Martin OC. A congruence index for testing topological similarity between trees. Bioinformatics. 2007;23:3119–24.Suchard MA, Weiss RE, Sinsheimer JS, Dorman KS, Patel M, McCabe ERB. Evolutionary similarity among genes. J Am Stat Assoc. 2003;98:653–62.Edwards SV, Liu L, Pearl DK. High-resolution species trees without concatenation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:5936–41.Liu L, Pearl DK. Species trees from gene trees: Reconstructing bayesian posterior distributions of a species phylogeny using estimated gene tree distributions. Syst Biol. 2007;56:504–14.Liu L, Pearl DK, Brumfield RT, Edwards SV. Estimating species trees using multiple-allele DNA sequence data. Evolution. 2008;62:2080–91.Levasseur C, Lapointe FJ. War and peace in phylogenetics: A rejoinder on total evidence and consensus. Syst Biol. 2001;50:881–91.de Queiroz A, Gatesy J. The supermatrix approach to systematics. Trends Ecol Evol. 2007;22:34–41.Huson DH, Bryant D. Application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies. Mol Biol Evol. 2006;23:254–67.Layeghifard M, Peres-Neto PR, Makarenkov V. Inferring explicit weighted consensus networks to represent alternative evolutionary histories. BMC Evol Biol. 2013;13:274.Stockham C, Wang LS, Warnow T. Statistically based postprocessing of phylogenetic analysis by clustering. Bioinformatics. 2002;18 Suppl 1:S285–93.Bonnard C, Berry V, Lartillot N. Multipolar consensus for phylogenetic trees. Syst Biol. 2006;55:837–43.Guenoche A. Multiple consensus trees: A method to separate divergent genes. BMC Bioinformatics. 2013;14:46.Duggal R, Cuconati A, Gromeier M, Wimmer E. Genetic recombination of poliovirus in a cell-free system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:13786–91.Reiter J, Perez-Vilaro G, Scheller N, Mina LB, Diez J, Meyerhans A. Hepatitis c virus rna recombination in cell culture. J Hepatol. 2011;55:777–83.Desbiez C, Lecoq H. Evidence for multiple intraspecific recombinants in natural populations of watermelon mosaic virus (wmv, potyvirus). Arch Virol. 2008;153:1749–54.Larsen RC, Miklas PN, Druffel KL, Wyatt SD. Nl-3 k strain is a stable and naturally occurring interspecific recombinant derived from bean common mosaic necrosis virus and bean common mosaic virus. Phytopathology. 2005;95:1037–42.Valli A, Lopez-Moya JJ, Garcia JA. Recombination and gene duplication in the evolutionary diversification of p1 proteins in the family potyviridae. J Gen Virol. 2007;88:1016–28.Gottschling M, Bravo IG, Schulz E, Bracho MA, Deaville R, Jepson PD, et al. Modular organizations of novel cetacean papillomaviruses. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2011;59:34–42.Woolford L, Rector A, Van Ranst M, Ducki A, Bennett MD, Nicholls PK, et al. A novel virus detected in papillomas and carcinomas of the endangered western barred bandicoot (perameles bougainville) exhibits genomic features of both the papillomaviridae and polyomaviridae. J Virol. 2007;81:13280–90.Chen X, Zhang Q, He C, Zhang L, Li J, Zhang W, et al. Recombination and natural selection in hepatitis e virus genotypes. J Med Virol. 2012;84:1396–407.Cadar D, Csagola A, Kiss T, Tuboly T. Capsid protein evolution and comparative phylogeny of novel porcine parvoviruses. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2013;66:243–53.Smith LM, McWhorter AR, Shellam GR, Redwood AJ. The genome of murine cytomegalovirus is shaped by purifying selection and extensive recombination. Virology. 2013;435:258–68.Münk C, Willemsen A, Bravo IG. An ancient history of gene duplications, fusions and losses in the evolution of apobec3 mutators in mammals. BMC Evol Biol. 2012;12:71.Daugherty MD, Malik HS. Rules of engagement: Molecular insights from host-virus arms races. Annu Rev Genet. 2012;46:677–700.Edgar RC. Muscle: Multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004;32:1792–7.Castresana J. Selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis. Mol Biol Evol. 2000;17:540–52.Stamatakis A, Ludwig T, Meier H. Raxml-iii: A fast program for maximum likelihood-based inference of large phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics. 2005;21:456–63.Soria-Carrasco V, Talavera G, Igea J, Castresana J. The k tree score: Quantification of differences in the relative branch length and topology of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics. 2007;23:2954–6.Stern A, Doron-Faigenboim A, Erez E, Martz E, Bacharach E, Pupko T. Selecton 2007: Advanced models for detecting positive and purifying selection using a bayesian inference approach. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35:W506–11.Doron-Faigenboim A, Pupko T. A combined empirical and mechanistic codon model. Mol Biol Evol. 2007;24:388–97.Swanson WJ, Nielsen R, Yang Q. Pervasive adaptive evolution in mammalian fertilization proteins. Mol Biol Evol. 2003;20:18–20.Shukla DD, Ward CW, Brunt AA. The potyviridae. Wallingford (UK): CABI; 1994.Chung BY, Miller WA, Atkins JF, Firth AE. An overlapping essential gene in the potyviridae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:5897–902.Tan Z, Wada Y, Chen J, Ohshima K. Inter- and intralineage recombinants are common in natural populations of turnip mosaic virus. J Gen Virol. 2004;85:2683–96.Bravo IG, de Sanjose S, Gottschling M. The clinical importance of understanding the evolution of papillomaviruses. Trends Microbiol. 2010;18:432–8.Klingelhutz AJ, Roman A. Cellular transformation by human papillomaviruses: Lessons learned by comparing high- and low-risk viruses. Virology. 2012;424:77–98.Bravo IG, Alonso A. Mucosal human papillomaviruses encode four different e5 proteins whose chemistry and phylogeny correlate with malignant or benign growth. J Virol. 2004;78:13613–26.Garcia-Vallve S, Alonso A, Bravo IG. Papillomaviruses: Different genes have different histories. Trends Microbiol. 2005;13:514–21.Bravo IG, Felez-Sanchez M. Papillomaviruses: Viral evolution, cancer and evolutionary medicine. Evol Med Public Health. 2015;2015:32–51.Aleman-Verdaguer ME, Goudou-Urbino C, Dubern J, Beachy RN, Fauquet C. Analysis of the sequence diversity of the p1, hc, p3, nib and cp genomic regions of several yam mosaic potyvirus isolates: Implications for the intraspecies molecular diversity of potyviruses. J Gen Virol. 1997;78(Pt 6):1253–64.Sakai J, Mori M, Morishita T, Tanaka M, Hanada K, Usugi T, et al. Complete nucleotide sequence and genome organization of sweet potato feathery mottle virus (s strain) genomic rna: The large coding region of the p1 gene. Arch Virol. 1997;142:1553–62.Tordo VM, Chachulska AM, Fakhfakh H, Le Romancer M, Robaglia C, Astier-Manifacier S. Sequence polymorphism in the 5’ntr and in the p1 coding region of potato virus y genomic rna. J Gen Virol. 1995;76(Pt 4):939–49.Verchot J, Carrington JC. Evidence that the potyvirus p1 proteinase functions in trans as an accessory factor for genome amplification. J Virol. 1995;69:3668–74.Salvador B, Saenz P, Yanguez E, Quiot JB, Quiot L, Delgadillo MO, et al. Host-specific effect of p1 exchange between two potyviruses. Mol Plant Pathol. 2008;9:147–55.Desbiez C, Lecoq H. The nucleotide sequence of watermelon mosaic virus (wmv, potyvirus) reveals interspecific recombination between two related potyviruses in the 5’ part of the genome. Arch Virol. 2004;149:1619–32.Majer E, Salvador Z, Zwart MP, Willemsen A, Elena SF, Daros JA. Relocation of the nib gene in the tobacco etch potyvirus genome. J Virol. 2014;88:4586–90.Pasin F, Simon-Mateo C, Garcia JA. The hypervariable amino-terminus of p1 protease modulates potyviral replication and host defense responses. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10:e1003985.Lopez-Lastra M, Rivas A, Barria MI. Protein synthesis in eukaryotes: The growing biological relevance of cap-independent translation initiation. Biol Res. 2005;38:121–46.Kang ST, Wang HC, Yang YT, Kou GH, Lo CF. The DNA virus white spot syndrome virus uses an internal ribosome entry site for translation of the highly expressed nonstructural protein icp35. J Virol. 2013;87:13263–78.Dolja VV, Haldeman-Cahill R, Montgomery AE, Vandenbosch KA, Carrington JC. Capsid protein determinants involved in cell-to-cell and long distance movement of tobacco etch potyvirus. Virology. 1995;206:1007–16.Carrington JC, Jensen PE, Schaad MC. Genetic evidence for an essential role for potyvirus ci protein in cell-to-cell movement. Plant J. 1998;14:393–400.Wei T, Zhang C, Hong J, Xiong R, Kasschau KD, Zhou X, et al. Formation of complexes at plasmodesmata for potyvirus intercellular movement is mediated by the viral protein p3n-pipo. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6:e1000962.Felez-Sanchez M, Trosemeier JH, Bedhomme S, Gonzalez-Bravo MI, Kamp C, Bravo IG. Cancer, warts, or asymptomatic infections: Clinical presentation matches codon usage preferences in human papillomaviruses. Genome Biol Evol. 2015;7:2117–35.Doorbar J, Gallimore PH. Identification of proteins encoded by the l1 and l2 open reading frames of human papillomavirus 1a. J Virol. 1987;61:2793–9.Hughes FJ, Romanos MA. E1 protein of human papillomavirus is a DNA helicase/atpase. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993;21:5817–23.Sarafi TR, McBride AA. Domains of the bpv-1 e1 replication protein required for origin-specific DNA binding and interaction with the e2 transactivator. Virology. 1995;211:385–96.Chen G, Stenlund A. Characterization of the DNA-binding domain of the bovine papillomavirus replication initiator e1. J Virol. 1998;72:2567–76.McBride AA. Replication and partitioning of papillomavirus genomes. Adv Virus Res. 2008;72:155–205.McBride A, Myers G. The e2 proteins: An update. In: Laboratory HPLAN. Los Alamos: Myers, G., and coworkers; 1997. p. III54–99.Kirnbauer R, Booy F, Cheng N, Lowy DR, Schiller JT. Papillomavirus l1 major capsid protein self-assembles into virus-like particles that are highly immunogenic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89:12180–4.Penrose KJ, McBride AA. Proteasome-mediated degradation of the papillomavirus e2-ta protein is regulated by phosphorylation and can modulate viral genome copy number. J Virol. 2000;74:6031–8.Poddar A, Reed SC, McPhillips MG, Spindler JE, McBride AA. The human papillomavirus type 8 e2 tethering protein targets the ribosomal DNA loci of host mitotic chromosomes. J Virol. 2009;83:640–50.Lai MC, Teh BH, Tarn WY. A human papillomavirus e2 transcriptional activator. The interactions with cellular splicing factors and potential function in pre-mrna processing. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:11832–41.Zou N, Lin BY, Duan F, Lee KY, Jin G, Guan R, et al. The hinge of the human papillomavirus type 11 e2 protein contains major determinants for nuclear localization and nuclear matrix association. J Virol. 2000;74:3761–70.Steger G, Schnabel C, Schmidt HM. The hinge region of the human papillomavirus type 8 e2 protein activates the human p21(waf1/cip1) promoter via interaction with sp1. J Gen Virol. 2002;83:503–10.Hughes AL, Hughes MA. Patterns of nucleotide difference in overlapping and non-overlapping reading frames of papillomavirus genomes. Virus Res. 2005;113:81–8.Ahola H, Bergman P, Strom AC, Moreno-Lopez J, Pettersson U. Organization and expression of the transforming region from the european elk papillomavirus (eepv). Gene. 1986;50:195–205.Chen Z, Schiffman M, Herrero R, Desalle R, Burk RD. Human papillomavirus (hpv) types 101 and 103 isolated from cervicovaginal cells lack an e6 open reading frame (orf) and are related to gamma-papillomaviruses. Virology. 2007;360:447–53.Nobre RJ, Herraez-Hernandez E, Fei JW, Langbein L, Kaden S, Grone HJ, et al. E7 oncoprotein of novel human papillomavirus type 108 lacking the e6 gene induces dysplasia in organotypic keratinocyte cultures. J Virol. 2009;83:2907–16.Stevens H, Rector A, Bertelsen MF, Leifsson PS, Van Ranst M. Novel papillomavirus isolated from the oral mucosa of a polar bear does not cluster with other papillomaviruses of carnivores. Vet Microbiol. 2008;129:108–16.Stevens H, Rector A, Van Der Kroght K, Van Ranst M. Isolation and cloning of two variant papillomaviruses from domestic pigs: Sus scrofa papillomaviruses type 1 variants a and b. J Gen Virol. 2008;89:2475–81.Dyson N, Howley PM, Munger K, Harlow E. The human papilloma virus-16 e7 oncoprotein is able to bind to the retinoblastoma gene product. Science. 1989;243:934–7.Werness BA, Levine AJ, Howley PM. Association of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 e6 proteins with p53. Science. 1990;248:76–9.Huibregtse JM, Scheffner M, Howley PM. A cellular protein mediates association of p53 with the e6 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus types 16 or 18. EMBO J. 1991;10:4129–35.Hartley KA, Alexander KA. Human tata binding protein inhibits human papillomavirus type 11 DNA replication by antagonizing e1-e2 protein complex formation on the viral origin of replication. J Virol. 2002;76:5014–23.Ilves I, Kadaja M, Ustav M. Two separate replication modes of the bovine papillomavirus bpv1 origin of replication that have different sensitivity to p53. Virus Res. 2003;96:75–84.Narahari J, Fisk JC, Melendy T, Roman A. Interactions of the cellular ccaat displacement protein and human papillomavirus e2 protein with the viral origin of replication can regulate DNA replication. Virology. 2006;350:302–11.Barrow-Laing L, Chen W, Roman A. Low- and high-risk human papillomavirus e7 proteins regulate p130 differently. Virology. 2010;400:233–9.White EA, Sowa ME, Tan MJ, Jeudy S, Hayes SD, Santha S, et al. Systematic identification of interactions between host cell proteins and e7 oncoproteins from diverse human papillomaviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:E260–7.Nomine Y, Masson M, Charbonnier S, Zanier K, Ristriani T, Deryckere F, et al. Structural and functional analysis of e6 oncoprotein: Insights in the molecular pathways of human papillomavirus-mediated pathogenesis. Mol Cell. 2006;21:665–78.Zanier K, ould M’hamed ould Sidi A, Boulade-Ladame C, Rybin V, Chappelle A, Atkinson A, et al. Solution structure analysis of the hpv16 e6 oncoprotein reveals a self-association mechanism required for e6-mediated degradation of p53. Structure. 2012;20:604–17.Briddon RW, Patil BL, Bagewadi B, Nawaz-ul-Rehman MS, Fauquet CM. Distinct evolutionary histories of the DNA-a and DNA-b components of bipartite begomoviruses. BMC Evol Biol. 2010;10:97.Chen JM, Sun YX, Chen JW, Liu S, Yu JM, Shen CJ, et al. Panorama phylogenetic diversity and distribution of type a influenza viruses based on their six internal gene sequences. J Virol. 2009;6:137

Courbes ajustées individuelles ou courbes standardisées pour l'estimation de poids fœtal ? Étude rétrospective sur 1385 échographies obstétricales du troisième trimestre

Objectif : Étudier les différences de répartition des poids fœtaux estimés, lors de l'échographie obstétricale du troisième trimestre, entre les courbes standard et les courbes ajustées individuelles, en supposant que les courbes ajustées individuelles sont plus justes. Théoriquement, cela permet de différencier les vrais RCIU, fœtus en restriction de croissance, des fœtus petits constitutionnellement (faux positif) et par extension de confirmer et de dépister des fœtus ayant une croissance supérieure à leur potentiel donc macrosomes. Résultats : Avec les courbes ajustées individuelles, nous retrouvons 11,8% de faux positifs et 1,7% de faux négatifs dans le diagnostic d'hypotrophie. Dans le diagnostic de macrosomie, nous n'avons pas de faux positif mais nous trouvons 17,8% de taux négatifs

Le triple test (le point de vue des médecins généralistes)

RENNES1-BU Santé (352382103) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Le théâtre à l’Université de Paris : institutionnalisation et développement dans la seconde moitié du xxe siècle

Alors que l’Institut d’études théâtrales a été créé en 1959 à la faculté des Lettres de Paris, sa discipline est fortement associée, dans l’imaginaire collectif, aux disciplines émergentes qui n’ont pu s’établir véritablement qu’avec l’éclatement de l’Université de Paris. De fait, cet Institut, logé à Censier dès son ouverture en 1966, a été rattaché en totalité à Paris III par le décret du 21 mars 1970. D’emblée, il a semblé incarner la rupture idéologique représentée par la création des uni..

Théâtre et Université ou de l’articulation entre la théorie, la pratique et la création dans une institution académique

International audienceL’histoire de l’institutionnalisation des études théâtrales à l’Université de Paris témoigne de la façon dont le monde académique a appréhendé le fait théâtral et dit par quels processus le théâtre a pu devenir un objet d’études et de recherches. L’institut d’études théâtrales fondé en 1959 au sein de la Faculté des Lettres est de création tardive. Cette étape a été décisive, séparant les arts de la scène du champ de la littérature (auquel le théâtre s’était traditionnellement rattaché depuis l’âge classique) et les érigeant en objet d’étude à part entière : dans l’imaginaire collectif, cette rupture épistémologique a contribué à associer les études théâtrales aux disciplines émergentes qui n’ont pu s’établir véritablement qu’avec l’éclatement de la Faculté de Paris. L’étude de la genèse et de l’histoire de cet institut invite cependant à réévaluer l’intérêt que depuis les années 1930, l’Université de Paris a porté à la création théâtrale ainsi qu’à la pratique du théâtre universitaire alors que le théâtre n’était le domaine ni de l’instruction, ni de l’éducation et encore moins la vocation de l’université. Nous évoquerons les différentes tentatives d’institutionnalisation d’études de théâtre des années 1930 aux années 1960 en analysant ce qui les a fait échouer et quelles condition ont permis, in fine, la création et le développement de cet institut : quels ont été ses promoteurs successifs, quels étaient leurs intérêts et quelle représentation du théâtre souhaitaient-ils instaurer ? Reconstituer la chronologie de la fondation des études théâtrales soulève ainsi plusieurs questions qui touchent à la fois l’histoire de l’institution universitaire et celle du théâtre : quel statut le théâtre universitaire a-t-il pu avoir au sein de l’institution académique et quel rôle a-t-il pu jouer dans le renouvellement de la création théâtrale en France ? Quel rôle les échanges internationaux ont-ils eu dans la conception de cursus d’études théâtrales et de la place à accorder à la pratique par rapport à la théorie dans l’enseignement 

Religion and Negotiation of the Boundary between Majority and Minority in Québec: Discourses of Young Muslims in Montréal CÉGEPs

In Québec, tensions between youth immigrants’ identification and the perceived identity of the “majority group„ is evident in greater Montréal-area schools, where a plurality of ethno-cultural or religious affiliations often converge and where racism and Islamophobia are becoming major social issues (Benhadjoudja 2014; Baubérot 2014; Bilge 2013). This paper aims to explore the discourses of “minoritized„ Muslim youth pertaining to their perceived boundaries with respect to the majority group, considering the power relations at play. Ten qualitative interviews with Muslim youth born to immigrant parents and studying in colleges (CEGEPs) of the Montréal region will be analyzed. A typological analysis will reveal their main positions with regard to the majority group, which encompass ways of negotiating the border between the “Us„ and “Them,„ influenced by the process of secularism, arising from acceptance, contestation, or even a sort of exacerbation of racializing categorization. In conclusion, the social and political implications of these findings will be discussed

Aide à la réussite : la pédagogie active de TalentCampus, formation labellisée IDEFI, à la Sorbonne Nouvelle-Paris 3

National audienceNous analysons la façon d'introduire dans une université d'arts, langues et lettres des formations pour développer des compétences sociales et comportementales et évaluons le pouvoir transformateur d'un dispositif tel que mis en oeuvre, à l'Université Sorbonne Nouvelle-Paris 3, avec TalentCampus, et reposant sur un mélange de publics (étudiant.e.s, doctorant.e.s, enseignant.e.s, autres personnels). Nous étudions l'impact de ce type de formation sur la réussite étudiante

Development of an engineering class project incorporating a personal vision of sustainable development teaching

The decade 2005-2014 has been set by UNESCO as the United Nations decade of Education forSustainable Development (SD) [1]. As graduate studentsof this decade, our vision of SD teaching targets inengineering concerns the development of attitudes to assess projects and related impacts in a systemic way, the development of transversal skills, and the collaboration between experts from different fields to facilitate sustainable decisions. These assumptions can be linked tothe qualities required by the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board [2].What kind of student exercises relies on all these assumptions? As teaching assistants (TA) in the class Environmental Design and Life Cycle Thinking (GCH2220-Polytechnique Montreal), we propose a possible answer. The main goals of this class are to familiarize students with the concepts of environmental design and life cycle thinking, as well as with different existing tools to apply these concepts. As TAs, we are in charge of a project that aims at providing students an opportunity to acquire practical aspects.The subject of the project presented is the environmental redesign of coated paper production, andits main objectives are: to improve teamwork skills, todevelop critical thinking when analyzing the results of an environmental assessment, and to develop skills to convince people within a company to adopt environmental solutions. In order to achieve these goals, the project was built on four main steps and students are evaluated through two reports and a poster presentation. Teams of four students were formed in order to mix students with different backgrounds (types of engineering programs, amount of credits completed) and obtain multidisciplinary teams. The project, the way it is presented in class, and its relevance for the students as future engineers are assessed through a survey in order to improve the exercise for the following classes.</jats:p

Maintaining good relationships in clinical setting : the bonus DOMUS project

The DOMUS laboratory has recently participated in the construction of a brand new residence for persons with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). This building which comprises six apartments, and four bedrooms is equipped with the latest smart home technology (sensors, effectors, etc.). It is a living lab where prototype software, algorithms and technologies can be deployed for long term evaluation. One of the challenges that we have to face in a living lab setting is the maintaining of the good relationships with both the professionals and the residents. In that regard, the DOMUS team worked toward implementing simple technological services that would rapidly and directly enhance social participation and the quality of life of the residents. The goal is also to motivate them into taking part of the various research projects and to establish a trust relationship. In this paper, we present the Bonus DOMUS, a project that was created toward these aims. It enables the residents to have customized alarms and motivational messages