Learning to select and apply qualitative and participatory methods in natural resource management research: self-critical assessment of research in Cameroon

Biophysical scientists are increasingly interested in undertaking research on natural resources management from a social science perspective. This, however, requires at least a basic understanding of the different social science approaches and the philosophical perspectives underlying them. We present a meta-analysis of a researcher’s experience when applying qualitative and participatory research methods for the first time, and reflect on the challenges and lessons learned that could help other aspiring researchers in conducting research with such methods. We compare researcher’s experiences with a quantitative research tool (household surveys) and qualitative non-participatory (focus group discussions) and participatory tools (seasonal activity calendars and access and control matrices) used in a gender-responsive forestry study in Cameroon. The field research included almost 50 gender- and age-disaggregated group sessions. Based on the meta-analysis of the research process, we identified key factors affecting the perceived ease of eliciting and interpreting information with different types of social research tools: specificity and acceptance of a tool, ease of managing social dynamics and maintaining focus during data collection, and subjectivity and comparability during data analysis and interpretation. Developing skills in participatory research from research design to group facilitation and balanced interpretation of findings require considerable time and is often best learned through apprenticeship. We explore how experience gained through the use of participatory research tools and reflection will help in applying such tools better, improving interaction with research participants and increasing relevance of research results

Shifting Cultivation for Transmigration Projects ?How "primitive" techniques could help to solve development problems in Central Kalimantan Transmigration Areas

ABSTRAK After outlining the broad objectives and general guidelines of the Directorate General of Transmigration, this report analyses the general evolution of exiling upland Transmigration projects with respect to the generally recommended development strategies. It appears that due to labour and cash scarcities this development strategy does not permit the assumed objectives to be reached. After observing the manner in which local farmers in Central Kalimantan solved similar problems,lhe author proposes new development strategy more suited to the local conditions. Key words: Proyek transmigrasi, petani loka

Characterisation of biodiversity in improved rubber agroforests in West-Kalimantan, Indonesia. Real and Potential uses for spontaneous plants

Since the introduction of rubber at the turn of the 20th century smallholders have developed an original complex agroforestry system called jungle rubber in which non selected young rubber trees (seedlings) are managed extensively alongside secondary forest re-growth. The issue of improving smallholder rubber productivity at affordable capital investments and levels of inputs while maintaining the environmental benefits of jungle rubber has been addressed by the Smallholder Rubber Agroforestry Project (SRAP: a joint project run by ICRAF, GAPKINDO and CIRAD). In 1995-1996, 27 trials (with a total of 100 plots) were set up in three provinces in Indonesia to assess the possibility of associating clonal rubber with agroforestry practices under smallholder conditions (Penot, 1997). Two RAS types were selected for this study: RAS n° 1 and n° 3. RAS n° 1 is basically improved jungle rubber using clonal planting material (see a description of RAS types in annexe 1). The rubber trees are in competition with spontaneous vegetation in the inter-row but results show that there are no negative consequences for rubber growth during the immature period. RAS n° 3 was designed for areas infested by Imperata cylindrica, with the establishment of shrubby leguminous cover crops and fast-growing tree species in the inter-rows with the aim of shading out weeds. The other type, RAS n° 2, is based on intercropping clonal rubber with various annual and perennial crops, including fruit and timber trees (Penot et al, 1994). In all cases, RAS have a planting density of 550 clonal rubber trees/ha and a variable number of associated fruit, timber or fast growing shade trees (from 92 to 256/ha). In addition to the RAS experimental plots, “RAS sendiri” (or “endogenous RAS”) are rubber agroforests improved by farmers without outside assistance. The district of Sanggau in the province of West Kalimantan was identified by SRAP as representative of traditional jungle-rubber-based local farming systems that have developed over the last 90 years. The district of Sanggau is located in the central area of the Kapuas river basin, between 1° N and 0°6' S and 09°8' W and 11°33' E. The district covers 18 302 km2, i.e. 13 % of the province. The trial plots described in this study are located in the villages of Embaong, Engkayu, Kopar, and Trimulia (the last being in the transmigration area). Most soils in the province of West-Kalimantan are acrisoils associated with ferralitic soils. Such soils have relatively good physical characteristics but poor chemical value and become acid. Rubber is widely grown in this area as it can grow in poor soils. The landscape is dominated by logged-over forest, secondary forest and a mosaic of jungle rubber and fallow with secondary forest re-growth. Large scale logging activities took place from 1950s to the 1980s at the expense of primary forest. At present, forested areas are located in hilly or remote areas and are very limited in extent. Oil palm and Acacia mangium plantations developed exponentially in the 1990s increasing the conversion of degraded forest areas into Estates that cultivate perennial crops. The main objective of this study is to assess existing plant biodiversity in RAS systems compared to that of jungle rubber. The second objective is to review the current uses of certain plants and their market potential

Etat des lieux de la filière écorces de Prunus africana : cas des régions du Nord-Ouest et Sud-Ouest du Cameroun

Résumé Prunus africana autrefois appelé Pygeum africana est une espèce endémique des forêts afro-montagnardes d’Afrique et de Madagascar. Cette espèce de haute altitude revêt une importance économique, sociale et scientifique pour les populations locales et pour la communauté internationale. Localement, elle est source de bois d’œuvre (artisanat), de bois de chauffage, de revenus et contribue à la pharmacopée traditionnelle (Hall et al., 2000). Sur le plan scientifique et au niveau international, ses écorces sont utilisées dans les industries occidentales pour soigner l’hypertrophie bénigne de la prostate (Tasse, 2006 ; Njamnshi et Ekati, 2008). Le Cameroun abrite une bonne partie de la population de cette espèce qui est menacé d’extinction et inscrite en annexe II de la Convention sur le Commerce International des Espèces de la Flore et de la Faune (CITES) (Belinga, 2011). Son milieu écologique se situe généralement entre 900 et 3000 m d’altitude notamment les Hautes Terres de l’Ouest, le Mont Cameroun, l’Adamaoua, les monts Bakossi sans oublier quelques échantillons dans la Région du Centre. Prunus africana est classé par l’ Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature (UICN) comme une espèce rare et vulnérable du fait de la dégradation continue de son écosystème liée à la forte pression exercée sur la ressource et l’application des méthodes de récolte non durables. Son commerce a été régulé depuis 1995 par la Convention CITES. Au Cameroun, l’exploitation de Prunus africana se fait sur la base des quotas attribués annuellement par le Ministère des Forêts et de la Faune (MINFOF) aux détenteurs de permis d’exploitation. En outre, l’exportation de Prunus africana vers l’Occident implique environ 200 récolteurs, 6 entreprises nationales et une vingtaine de forêts communautaires dans la Région du Nord-Ouest ainsi qu’une organisation paysanne spécialisée (MOCAP) de la Région du Sud Ouest. Une moyenne de 1923 tonnes est exportée annuellement. Le Cameroun reste le plus grand exportateur mondial des écorces de Prunus africana (38-48% du volume mondial). Toute la filière au Cameroun a été évaluée à 315 millions de FCFA (630 milles $US) pour 646,5 tonnes pour l’année 2007. Toutefois, pour des raisons évoquées plus haut, l’Union européenne (EU) a suspendu les exportations en provenance du Cameroun en 2007. Cet article procède de plusieurs observations sur le terrain dans ces deux régions doublées des enquêtes socioéconomiques auprès des populations cibles. Malgré les conflits d’usage, les pressions et la maîtrise limitée de la ressource, de nombreuses opportunités telles que la prise de conscience de la régénération et le début des inventaires existent aujourd’hui pour une meilleure valorisation, une bonne gouvernance et une gestion soutenue de Prunus africana au Cameroun. Une exploitation rationnelle et durable de cette ressource fera d’elle une bonne source de revenus pour les populations des Régions productrices. Mots clés : Cameroun, Prunus africana, Ecorce, gestion durable. Abstract Prunus africana formerly called Pygeum africana is an endemic species of the Afro-highlander forest of Africa and Madagascar. This high-altitude species is of economic, social and scientific importance for the local people and the international community. Locally, it is a source of timber (Craft), firewood, income and it contributes to the traditional pharmacy (Hall et al., 2000). Scientifically and internationally, its bark is used by Western industries to treat benign prostate hyperplasia (Tasse, 2006; Njamnshi et Ekati, 2008). Cameroon is home to a large part of the population of this species which is threatened by extinction and therefore, included in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES) (Belinga 2011). Its ecological environment is usually between 900 and 3000 m altitude in the Upper West Lands, Mount Cameroon, Adamawa, the Bakossi Mountains not forgetting some areas in the Center Region. Prunus africana is classified by the IUCN as a rare and vulnerable species due to the increased degradation of its ecosystem linked to the strong pressure on the resource and application of unsustainable harvesting methods. Its sales has been regulated since 1995 by the CITES Convention. In Cameroon, the exploitation of Prunus africana is done on the basis of annual quotas allocated by the Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife (MINFOF) to the holders of operating licenses (permits). In addition, the export of Prunus africana to the West involves about 200 harvesters, 6 domestic enterprises and 20 community forests in the North West Region as well as a specialized peasant organization (MOCAP) in the South West Region. An average of 1923 tons is exported annually. Cameroon remains the world’s largest exporter of Prunus africana barks (38-48$ 630 thousand) for 646.5 tons in 2007. However, for reasons mentioned above, the European Union (EU) suspended exports from Cameroon in 2007. This article focuses on several observations on the ground in two regions using repeated socio-economic surveys of the target populations. Despite the conflicts in use, pressures and limited control of the resource, many opportunities such as awareness of regeneration and early inventories now exist to enhance value, good governance and sustained management of Prunus africana in Cameroon. Rational and sustainable exploitation of this resource will make it a good source of income for the people of the producing regions. Keywords : Cameroon, Prunus Africana, bark, sustainable management

Evaluation of the contribution of NTFPs gathering: to rural people’s livelihoods around two timber concessions in Gabon

NTFP are often presented as bringing a major contribution to rural livelihoods in terms of food and cash, and this particularly for rural communities. Few data are available in Gabon to confirm this common assertion. An annual monitoring of 127 households was conducted in 14 villages around two timber concessions in the south-east and south-west regions of Gabon. Conventional socio‐economic survey tools such as focus group discussions, census and semi-structured interviews of households were used in gathering data during one year. Results reveal that rural people depend on various sources of livelihoods for food and income generation, but overall, the current contributions of vegetal NTFPs are insignificant compared to other activities. Odika (Irvingiagabonensis), atanga sauvage (Dacryodes buettneri), fungus (Termitomyces spp) and “nut” (Coula edulis) represent the main forest products that are commonly harvested by rural people, primarily for subsistence purposes while the surplus is sold. Although some efforts were made to promote the NTFP sector in the country, the results of this study suggest that: (1) the main components of the decree No.137/PR/MEFP of February 4, 2009, that prohibited the logging of five multiple use tree species over a period of 25 years should be reconsidered for revision; (2) the State authorities and partners should promote projects aiming at increasing the knowledge of the NTFP sector. These projects should contribute to the census of NTFP (for food, medicine and services), characterize their uses, the market chains of target products, and the development potential of NTFP. Such projects may help Gabon and other Congo Basin countries to fix norms/standards for a sustainable natural resource management and for enhancing their contribution to the national economy. This will be particularly relevant in the light of dwindling oil revenues and the need to diversify and promote other revenue sources in the country

Aquaculture system diversity and sustainable development : fish farms and their representation

Initiatives for the sustainable development of aquaculture have so far focused on the production of codes of conduct, of best management practices, of standards etc., most of which have been developed by international organisations, the industrial sector and non governmental organisations. They were, to a large extent, produced using a "top down" process and inspired by models from intensive industrial shrimp and sea fish farming (mainly salmon). However, most of global aquaculture production comes from small-and medium-sized farms, essentially in Asia which contributes 92% of the total world aquaculture production volume. The objective of this article is to define the contours of systemic typologies that are able to express the sustainability conditions of aquaculture systems. The proposed approach builds on surveys of aquaculture systems which differ in terms of their biogeographical nature (temperate/tropical and north/south countries) or their farming techniques and their governance systems. This work is a prerequisite to any attempt at an individualised and comparative evaluation of specific aquaculture systems from either global or territorial viewpoints. In order to go beyond the cleavage of a typology based on the differentiation between developed and developing countries, three typologies were produced. These typologies allow for discriminatory variables to be identified such as for example the marketing methods or the pace of innovation: a structural typology, a functional typology and a systemic typology. Finally, the representations of aquaculture activity and of its sustainability that producers have of the 4 different types that emerge from the systemic typology were recorded and analyzed